
Class, 

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THE PLANTINgIt, 

FROM A PHOTOGRAPH OF A PAINTING BV FRAnI 



LEADING EVENTS 



OF 



Maryland History 



WITH TOPICAL ANALYSES, REFERENCES, AND 

QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT 

AND RESEARCH 



BY 



J MONTGOMERY GAMBRILL 

[iistrurtoy in the Baltimore Polytechnic Institntr. Department of 
English and History 




GUSHING CO. 

Publishers 
Baltimore, 



THE LIERARY OF 
CONCiRESS, 

Two Copies Received 

JUN 15 !P03 

Copyright tiitr> 

CLASSC tC XXc. No. 

COPY B. 



Copyright 1903, 

by 

John MoNTaoMERV Gambrill 



p/'U 



PREFACE 



It is very much the fashion now-a-days to write a preface to a 
text-book that is really an apology for its appearance. If not an 
apology, at least I am willing to offer an explanation for the 
writing of this little book. Several histories of Maryland have 
been published since the Civil War for the alleged purpose of 
furnishing a text for schools. It cannot be denied that these 
books have not been altogether reliable historically, and none of 
them can be said to contain the features of the best modern texts 
in history, nor to be pedagogically adapted to the uses of the 
schoolroom. A word on each of these phases of the subject 
seems necessary. 

The material used in the preparation of this book includes, it 
is believed, the principal matter in print relating to the subjects 
treated, and embraces contemporary writings, letters, commis- 
sions, warrants, newspapers, etc., and the printed state archives; 
in addition the manuscript sources have been used. The results 
of exhaustive original research are not embodied in elementary 
text -books, and while this work is not put forthwith such preten- 
sions it is hoped that it may justly claim to be much more than 
the lifeless compilations that so often masquerade as state his- 
tories (for schools). 

Great pains have been taken to verify matter that seemed doubt- 
ful, v/hile the controverted points have been carefully studied. On 
these points, such, for example, as the reasons for the Calvert 
policy of toleration, or the conduct of Captain Richard Ingle, or 
the attitude of Maryland at the outbreak of the Civil War, it is 
imipossible for all students of the subject to agree. I have tried 
to weigh the material carefully and intelligently, and to present 
as far as possible the actual facts, leaving the pupil to his own 
inferences. 



ii PREFACE 

Ihe limitations of a book of this kind are so severe that it is 
a serious problem what to leave out, and of course judgments will 
differ as to the facts best to omit. I have endeavored to make 
the book as comprehensive as possible, to omit facts of minor im- 
portance only, and to treat as fully as possible the "Leading 
Events." At the same time there are some facts of importance 
which it is impossible to treat profitably in a work of this kind, 
owing to the great amount of explanation necessary to a young 
pupil. A good example is the contest between Cecilius Calvert 
and the Jesuits over the statute of mortmain and the bull In Coena 
Domini, the results of which extend to the present day. 

The point to which special attention has been given and which 
I think is particularly the justification of a new text book in 
Maryland history, is the pedagogics of the subject. The attain- 
ments and attitude of the pupil must first be considered. Many 
things which we take as matters of course, the young pupil does 
not understand; he has, for instance, but the vaguest conception 
of religious persecution and toleration. In most cases the pupil 
beginning to study Maryland history has but the slightest knowl- 
edge of United States history, and none whatever of the history 
of England. These facts cannot be ignored without disastrous 
consequences. I have given a brief explanation of religious per- 
secution and intolerance, and have not assumed any knowledge, 
on the part of the pupil, of English or American history. As a 
rule, separate sections have been devoted to the statement of such 
of this history as was necessary to an understanding of the matter 
in hand. While clearness and simplicity of style have been at- 
tempted, care has been taken not to run to the extreme, and un- 
familiar terms that must be met with again and again in the 
study of history have been freely introduced. 

A few special and hitherto neglected features in Maryland his- 
tories will need mention. The attention of the teachers using 
the book is particularly called to these features. 



PREFACE iii 

(a) Topical Treatment. The treatment is strictly topical 
rather than chronological. No arrangement of matter has been 
made with reference to such artificial and arbitrary consideration 
as number of pages or extent of time considered. On the other 
hand, both chapters and paragraphs have been arranged with ref- 
erence to the grouping of events. The chapter headings can be 
readily and profitably used in connection with the topical analyses 
for blackboard diagrams and review schemes. 

(b) Topical Analyses. These are arranged in the form of topics 
and questions. When desired the topics can easily be converted 
into questions. It is a mistake for the teacher to depend very 
much on ready-made questions, and a greater one for pupils to 
study by them. It is, therefore, desirable that this material be 
used for definite ends under the guidance of the teacher. An 
excellent way of conducting the study would be, first to read the 
chapter in class, with discussions, explanations, readings from 
other works, etc., and follow this with recitation work from the 
topics. 

(c) Questions for Original Thought and Research. — These have 
several objects. In the first place, they should discourage the 
extraordinary amount of rote work that is done in history. If 
the study is to have any value except for training the mechanical 
memory, it is indispensable that the pupil do some thinking for 
himself. Some of the questions require enough original think- 
ing for the formation of an opinion, and nothing further. Others 
require some investigation, though of course of a most elemen- 
tary character. In most cases some book in use in the school- 
room, a geography, a United States history, or a work on civics, 
will contain the information asked; in other cases the pupil will 
be obliged to gain his information from his teacher, a parent, or 
some other person. The essential thing is that the pupil have 
some training in finding out things for himself, and that he be 
required to make some effort before he receives help. It is not 
intended that every pupil, nor indeed every class, shall use all of 



iv PREFACE 

tliis material ; it must be used according to the age and advance- 
ment of the pupils. Different inquiries may be assigned to dif- 
ferent members of the class for investigation. I am not unaware 
that some of the questions are too difficult for the immature stu- 
dent to form a really well-grounded opinion; but merely to show 
him that the question exists and to set his mind to work upon it, 
is to accomplish a good deal. 

(d) References. — The references at the end of the chapters 
are in most cases to books that can readily be procured at a com- 
paratively small cost. Few of the rural schools at least, will be 
able to use or even to have them all ; but even a very little work 
with books of this kind will add wonderfully to the interest and 
profit of the study. An extended bibliography follov^^s the ap- 
pendix. 

(e) The Index. — Special pains have been taken to make the 
index valuable. Such topics as General Assembly, Governor, 
Religion, Popular Privileges, etc., impart an analytical character 
to the index that will render it particularly valuable for topical 
reviews, special studies, or investigation of any particular devel- 
opment. 

The study of history is of extraordinary value in civic training, 
and the teacher should constantly have in mind this fact and use 
his opportunities. The lessons of history should be applied to 
present conditions as far as possible, though invariably in a broad 
and impartial way; and the pupil should be inspired with high 
and noble ideals. There is some danger of falling into a habit 
Oi eulogizing indiscriminately our own affairs, that must be care- 
fully guarded against. I have tried to do so in the text, and to 
be everywhere fair and impartial. That attitude of mind on the 
part of the citizens of a state v;hich regards everything connected 
with it as the best, precludes progress and improvement. For- 
tunately, the history of Maryland is such that her citizens may 
justly be very proud of her record. 



PREFACE V 

It is now generally conceded that the illustrations in a history 
should be real and authentic. Of such character are most of the 
pictures of men, places, and things in this book. Several famous 
paintings are reproduced. With the exception of a few lent by 
the Baltimore and Ohio R. R. all the cuts were prepared from 
photographs made especially for this book. 

In conclusion, I desire to express my thanks to all who have 
in any way been of assistance to me in the preparation of this 
book; in the search for material, in obtaining illustrations, or in 
reading manuscript. Especially, I have to thank Mr. George 
W. McCreary. Librarian of the Maryland Historical Society, 
whose kind assistance in finding material, in obtaining illustra- 
tions, and in the reading of proof has been invaluable. 

J. M. G. 



CONTENTS 



PART I. HISTORY OF THE PROVINCE 

Chapter I. The Founding of Maryland ... 1 

Chapter II. The Settlement of Maryland ... 11 

Chapter III. "Leah and Rachel"— Wherein Two Sister 

Colonies Disagree ..... 23 

Chapter IV. Maryland Becomes a Royal Province . 48 

Chapter V. The Province Becomes an Independent State 66 

Chapter VI. Maryland Life in Colonial Times . . 91 

PART II. HISTORY OF THE STATE 

Chapter I. The Struggle for Independence: Maryland in 

the Revolution ..... 103 

Chapter II. Founding the New Nation .... 125 

Chapter III. Internal Affairs and Second War with England 131 

Chapter IV. Public Improvements; — The Mexican War . 143 

Chapter V. Slavery and the Civil War . . . 156 

Chapter VI. From the Close of the Civil War to the Present 171 



CONTENTS 



HISTORY OF THE COUNTIES 



St. Mary's 

Kent 

Anne Arundel 

Calvert 

Charles 

Baltimore 

Talbot . 

Somerset 

Dorchester 

Cecil 

Prince George's 

Queen Anne's 

Worcester 

Frederick 

Harford 

Caroline 

Washington 

Montgomery 

Allegany 

Carroll 

Howard 

Wicomico 

Garrett 



207 
208 
209 
210 
211 
212 
214 
216 
217 
219 
220 
222 
223 
224 
225 
227 
228 
229 
231 
232 
233 
235 
236 



APPENDIXES 

A. Proprietaries of Maryland .... 239 

B. Governors of Maryland . . . . . 239 

C. Towns of Maryland ...... 240 

D. The Star-Spangled Banner .... 241 

E. Cabinet Appointments ...... 241 

F. Admiral Schley's Account of the Battle of Santiago 242 

G. Constitution of Maryland ..... 248 



CONTENTS ix 

BIBLIOGRAPHY 308 

INDEX 313 

REFERENCE MAPS 

The Talatimle oi Maryland, double page . . . 26-7 

The Revolution, Operations in the North, full page . 110 

The Revolution, Operations in the South, full pace . 115 

Land Claims of the States, 1783, double page, colors, between 126-7 
yiaiyland, double page, colors .... between 2{)A-S 

ILLUSTRATIONS 

The Planting of the Colony .... Frontispiece 

1. George Calvert ...... 3 

2. Henrietta Maria 4 

3. Cecilius Calvert, /w//jD<s^6' 5 

4. Trinity Church, Site of St. Mary's ... 13 

5. St. Mary's Female Seminary ..... 16 

6. Rosecroft . . . . . . • 18 

7. Monument to Leonard Calvert .... 34 

8. Great Seal of Maryland {Reverse in colors) . 36, 37 

9. kr\rvaYio\\?>, full page 40 

10. Herr man's Map, /w//;7(3^^ . . . . 51 

11. Charles Calvert, fifth Lord Baltimore ... 59 

12. Tobacco Hogshead Ready for Rolling ... 60 

13. The Murray House 61 

14. Baltimore in 1752 67 

15. Baltimore at Present Time ..... 69 

16. Five-Mile Stone, Mason and Dixon's Line . . 71 

17. Association of Freemen, /i////?i3^e' . . . .77 

18. Burning of The Peggy Stewart, /w///?rt^^ . . 81 

19. Maryland Signers of the Declaration of Independence, 

full page ....... 84 



X CONTENTS 

20. The State House 85 

21. Thomas Jefferson .87 

22. "Hampton" 93 

23. The Brice Residence . . . . . .94 

24. "The Chase Home" 95 

25. Doughoregan Manor, /w// jC(3^^ .... 96 

26. The Maryland Gazette of June 21, 1745, full page 99 

27. George Washington 103 

28. William Smallwood 105 

29. Mordecai Gist 106 

30. Monument to Maryland's Four Hundred, full page . 107 

31. Tablet on the Site of Old Congress Hall . . 109 

32. Nathaniel Ramsey 112 

33. John Eager Howard . . . . . .117 

34. Otto Holland Williams 118 

35. Washington Resigning His Commission, /w///)(3^^ . 120 

36. Nathan Towson ...... 134 

37. A Baltimore Clipper ...... 136 

38. Fort McHenry 138 

39. The Star Spangled Banner, full page . , .139 

40. Francis Scott Key 140 

41. Washington Monument, /wZ/jDi^^^ .... 144 

42. Battle Monument 145 

43. Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and Chesapeake and 

Ohio Canal at Point of Rocks, Md. . . 146 

44. Method of Travel on the Baltimore and Ohio R. R. 

in 1829 147 

45. The Davis "Grasshopper" Locomotive (1832) . 147 

46. Winan's "Mud Digger" (1836) ... 147 

47. B. & 0. "Camel Back" Locomotive (1850) . . 148 

48. The Hayes "Dutch Wagon" (1852) ... 148 

49. Type of Passenger Locomotive, 1903 . . . 148 

50. Peter Cooper's Locomotive .... 149 

51. Viev/ oi EWicoit Chy, full page 150 



CONTENTS xi 

52. Mexican War Monument ..... 153 

53. Roger B. Taney 162 

54. John R. Kenley 163 

55. Bradley T. Johnson 164 

56. View of Frederick, full page . . . . 165 

57. View of Hagerstown, /i////?(7j^^ .... 167 

58. George Peabody 171 

59. The City Hall, Baltimore 174 

60. The Court House, Baltimore . . . . 175 

61. Johns Hopkins Hospital . . . . .177 

62. Edgar Allan Poe 178 

63. The Maryland Revolutionary Monument, /w//jC(3^5 . 183 

64. The Cruiser Baltimore ..... 185 

65. Rear-Admiral Winfield Scott Schley . . .186 

66. Tonging for Oysters ..... 189 

67. The "Shucking" Room of an Oyster Packing 

Establishment 190 

68. A View of Cumberland 191 

69. A Manufacturing Industry of Cumberland . . 192 

70. The "Narrows," Cumberland .... 193 



LEA 


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PART I 
HISTORY OF THE PROVINCE 



CHAPTER I 
The Founding of Maryland 

1. Introduction. — A little more than four hundred years ago 
a map of the world looked very different from a map of the world 
to-day. The civilized peoples lived in Europe; besides their 
own continent they were acquainted Vv^ith parts of Asia, a small 
part of northern Africa, and a few islands. The word "America" 
had never been uttered, and nothing whatever was known of the 
vast continent that lay beyond the western sea. To this noble 
country the attention of Europe was called in the year 1492, when 
a bold sailor named Christopher Columbus sailed bravely out 
upon the stormy Atlantic, and by and by landed on an island in 
the West Indies. Soon other brave mariners followed the ex- 
ample of Columbus. The m.ainland of America was discovered 
and its eastern coast explored. 

Columbus was in the employ of the king and queen of Spain, 
and the Spaniards soon discovered rich and populous countries in 
the south of the new continent, and easily conquering the half- 
civilized inhabitants, carried away to Spain immense quantities 
of gold and silver. 

2. English Colonies.—Whea the rulers of other countries 
heard of these things it is not strange that they desired to have 
a share for themselves of the v/ealth that seemed so abundant in 



2 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

the New World. Only a few years after the great voyage of 
Columbus most of the eastern coast of what is now the United 
States was explored by a sailor named Cabot, in the employ of 
England. Basing their claims on this voyage, the English later 
undertook to plant colonies in the New World. At first the 
English tried to imitate the Spanish; but there was no gold or 
silver to be had in the northern parts, while the people were a 
race of savages whom it was useless to conquer, since they had 
nothing that was worth taking. The early attempts of the Eng- 
lish met with misfortune and failure. 

A new plan was soon tried. Companies were formed composed 
chiefly of merchants, whose plan was to plant colonies in the New 
World for the purposes of trade. With furs obtained from the 
Indians, fish from the neighboring waters, or the products of the 
soil these colonies were to carry on trade that should be profitable 
to the members of the company and indirectly to the commerce 
of England. The first permanent settlement was planted at James- 
town in 1607, on the north bank of the James river, inVirignia. 
It was under the control of a company of merchants and others 
known as the London Company. 

3. George Calvert, the First Lord Baltimore. — Among 
those interested in these plans for planting colonies in America 
was an English gentleman named George Calvert, who became the 
founder of Maryland. He received a thorough education and 
travelled on the Continent, as was the custom of young men of 
rank and wealth. After his return he became the private secre- 
tary of the famous statesman. Sir Robert Cecil. He presently 
attracted the favor of the king, was appointed to an office in 
Ireland, and in 1617 raised to the order of knighthood and be- 
came Sir George Calvert. He was liked and trusted by the king, 
James I, and was from time to time advanced until he became 
principal secretary of state, a high office in some respects like the 
modern one of prime minister. After a time Sir George announced 



THE FOUNDING OF MARYLAND 



to the king that he had 
become a convert to the 
Catholic religion, and re- 
quested that he therefore 
be allowed to resign the 
high office that he held 
and retire to private life. 

4. Religious Intoler= 
ance, — ^In order that you 
may understand this act of 
Calvert's you must know 
that in the times that we 
are now studying, all men 
could not freely and safely 
profess and practise the re- 
ligion they preferred. On 
the contrary, those in con- 
trol of the government usu- 
ally tried to force other 
persons to believe in their 
religion; it was a com- 
mon thing for people to 
be imprisoned for their 
religious belief, and many 
had even been burned to death merely for disagreeing with 
the prevailing faith. Now at this time England was a Protes- 
tant country, and there were very severe laws in force against 
the Roman Catholics, who were not allowed to hold any 
public office. This will fully explain the action of Secretary 
Calvert. 

King James seems to have taicen the confession of Sir George 
very quietly, however, and did not withdraw his favor. On the 
contrary, he retained his former secretary as a member of his 
council, and not long afterward created him Lord Baron of 




GEORGE CALVERT 

FROM A PHOTOGRAPH OF A PAINTING IN THE STATE HOUSE 
AT ANNAPOLIS 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



Baltimore. Soon after this event thie king died and was suc- 
ceeded by his son, Charles I. He also was Calvert's friend. 
5. Lord Baltimore's Plan for Founding a Colony. — 

Lord Baltimore had long been interested in the schemes for the 
colonization of the New World. He had already received from 
the king a grant of land in Newfoundland, and now that he had 

laid aside the cares and 
burdens of public service, 
he seems to have desired 
to spend the remainder of 
his life in the work of 
founding a colony. 

His attempt in New- 
foundland was a failure, 
owing chiefly to the great 
severity of the climate. 
Leaving behind him the 
inhospitable shores of Ava- 
lon, as the Newfoundland 
colony was called, Calvert 
sailed for Virginia. 

Here he found himself 
a very unwelcome visitor. 
The rights and privileges 
granted the company that 
planted Virginia had by 
this time been formally ta- 
ken from them, thus leav- 
ing the king free to grant 
the country to whom he 
pleased. So the governor 
temporarily in charge 
(awaiting the arrival of the royal governor) contrived to be rid 
of Lord Baltimore, doubtless knowing of his ambitions. It is not 




HENRIETTA T.IARIA 

FROM A PHOTOGRAPH OF A PAINTING, NOW IN THE STATE 

HOUSE AT ANNAPOLIS, BY MISS FLORENCE MACKUBIN, FROM 

THE VAN DYKE PORTRAIT AT WARWICK CASTLE 







CECILIUS CALVERT 
FROM A PHOTOGRAPH OF A PRINT IN THE UBRARY OF THE MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY 



6 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

unlikely that during his short stay he had at least a glimpse of 
the lovely country that lay to the north of the Potomac, a region 
uninhabited by white men and in the uncultivated state of 
nature. At any rate Lord Baltimore returned to England, and 
after much weary delay received a grant of land north of the Po- 
tomac river, in the year 1632. In honor of the king's wife, 
Henrietta Maria, or Mary, the new colony was to be called 
Maryland. 

6. Death and Character of George Calvert. — But in 
April of this year Lord Baltimore, whose health had long been 
failing, died, before his grant had passed the great seal.* 

George Calvert was a man of high mind and honorable charac- 
ter beyond any doubt. In ordinary affairs he was cautious and 
painstaking; as a statesman, he was shrewd and intelligent; as a 
man, courteous, loyal, and of sterling integrity. "He had risen 
from obscurity to places of high honor and trust, and to heredi- 
tary rank;' he had enjoyed, without abusing, the confidence and 
friendship of kings; he had adhered to his political and altered 
his religious opinions, when his constancy and his change were 
alike fatal to his advancement, and he died leaving a name with- 
out reproach from friend or enemy, and which, if evil tongues of 
a later day have attempted in vain to sully, it is because detrac- 
tion, no less than death, loves a shining mark."t 

7. Cecilius, Second Lord Baltimore. — The title and 
estates of George Calvert passed to his eldest son, Cecilius, and 
in his name the charter for Maryland was issued a few months 
after his father's death. 

8. The Maryland Charter. — The charter was the document 
by which the land was granted to Lord Baltimore, and in which his 
powers and duties, and those of the people of the new colony, 
were established. In a word, it fixed the form of government. 



*An instrument for stamping- an impression upon a document to make it 
authentic. 
tWiHiam Hand Browne's "Maryland;" p. 17. 



THE FOUNDING OF MARYLAND 7 

There were two distinct kinds of government in the colonies. 
In one, affairs were controlled by the king of England, who ap- 
pointed the governor and principal officers; this was called a 
royal government. In the other the people elected their gover- 
nor and other officers, and in the main managed their own affairs 
without interference from the mother country; this was called a 
charter government. In Maryland the land was owned by a 
single person, called the proprietary, or proprietor, who also 
appointed the governor and other off icers ; hence this was called 
a proprietary government. 

The boundaries of the colony were as follows: The Atlantic 
Ocean, the Delaware bay and Delaware river on the east; the 
fortieth parallel of latitude on the north; a meridian line running 
south from this parallel to the source of the Potomac on the west; 
a line running along the southern bank of the Potomac to its 
mouth and thence east across the peninsula to the ocean, on the 
west and south. 

The charter created, in the new colony, "an empire within an 
empire," and the latter was therefore called a province. The 
powers conferred upon the lord proprietary were the most exten- 
sive ever granted to an English subject. He could coin money, 
create courts of justice, appoint judges, and pardon criminals; 
he could make peace and war, suppress rebellion, arm and call 
out the militia, and declare martial law; he could create titles of 
nobility and found cities and towns. All laws, when agreed upon 
between himself and the people went into effect at once, and did 
not have to be confirmed either by the king or Parliament. The 
inhabitants continued to be Englishmen, with all the rights and 
privileges of Englishmen; and the laws were to be in harmony, as 
far as convenient, with the laws of England. And, most impor- 
tant for us to remember, ihe people, and their lands and goods, 
were forever exempted from taxation by the king. 

9. Maryland a Palatinate.— Colonial Maryland was called 
a palatinate and her proprietaries earls palatine, which terms will 



8 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

need some explanation. In early times when there were no rail- 
roads, steamboats, or telegraph, news of course travelled very 
slowly. Hence, in fixing the powers that should be exercised by 
the noblemen who ruled the English counties, it was necessary 
that those who ruled the border counties should be much more 
powerful than others; for in case of sudden invasion there would 
be no time to notify the king, but the local ruler must take in- 
stant measures for the defense of the county. Thus Durham on 
the border of Scotland, Chester on the border of Wales, and 
Kent, where an invasion from the Continent could most easily be 
made, were made palatinates, and their rulers exercised nearly 
royal authority. 

The county of Durham, v^^hich was still a palatinate at the time 
when the charter of Maryland was granted, served as a model for 
that colony; Lord Baltimore was granted all the powers that be- 
longed to the ruler of Durham, with some additional ones, and 
was thus an "earl palatine." This made Maryland very like a 
limited monarchy, with the lord proprietary as king. 



TOPICS AND QUESTIONS 

1. Introduction. 

Knowledge of the World 400 years ago. 
The voyage of Christopher Columbus. 
Mainland of America discovered and explored. 
Conquest of the Spanish and spoils taken by them. 

2. English Colonies. 

Voyage of Cabot and the claims of England. 

First attempts of the English to plant colonies and their failure. 
What sort of plan was tried next .' With what success did it meet ? 
When and where was made the first permanent English settle- 
ment in America? 
Where else were English settlements planted? 

3. George Calveit. 

Early life of George Calvert. 

He attracts the notice of the king. 

Offices held by him. 



THE FOUNDING OF MARYLAND 9 

Honors conferred upon him. 
He becomes a Catholic. 

4. Religious Intolerance. 

Usual attitude of governments on matters pertaining to religion. 

Suffering for religion's sake. 

English laws at this time. 

How did the king receive Calvert's confession? 

5. Lord Baltimore's Plan for Founding a Colony. 

His interest in colonization. 

The grant of Avalon ; failure of that colony. 

Lord Baltimore sails for Virginia. 

His reception; rights of the Virginians. 

The grant of Maryland ; in whose honor named. 

6. Death and Character of George Calvert. 

7. Cecilius, Second Lord Baltimore. 

He succeeds his father, George Calvert. 

8. The Maryland Charter. 

What is meant by the charter ? 

Name and define the three kinds of colonial government. 

The charter boundaries of Maryland. 

Character of the government. 

(a) Powers of the lord proprietary. 

(b) Rights and privileges of the people. 

9. Maryland a Palatinate. 

The counties of early England. 
The border counties necessarily more powerful. 
The three palatinates. 

Maryland government modeled after that of the county of Durham. 
Maryland really a limited monarchy. 
QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND RESEARCH 

1. What is history? Are you interested in the history of your native 

state? Think of as many reasons as you can why you should be. 

2. What is a colony? What are the chief differences between civil- 

ized and uncivilized peoples? Is it right for the former to take 
land from the latter by force ? Should a colony be governed 
with reference to its own welfare or that of the mother country? 

3. What is a Baron? Why did not the younger brothers and sisters 

of Cecilius Calvert share with him the estates of his father ? 
Had George Calvert been a man of more brilliant mind but of less 
honorable charcter, would we have more or less reason to be proud 
of him ? 



10 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

4. Is it right to try to force others to believe as we do? Give reasons 

for your answer. Is it right to try to persuade them ? 

5. What is a charter ? Are charters ever used for other purposes than 

to fix the form of a government ? Discuss the relative merits of 
the three forms of colonial government. What corresponds to 
the charter in the present government of Maryland.'' 
References 

Browne's A/^M'/a??;/, pp. 1-20. Browne's Calveris, ppA 3f^. Viske' s O/d Viyg-inm 
and Her Neighbors, \ci\.\.. -pp. '2h'-i-2,1\ and 275-"J85. Gambrall's Earlv Maryland. 
pp. 9-60. Mereness' Maryland as a Proprietary Province — see index for topics 
desired. 



CHAPTER 11 

The Settlement of Maryland 

10. Character and Plans of the Second Lord Balti= 
more. — Cecilius Calvert was a worthy successor of his father. 
Wise, just, and moderate, and possessed of great patience and un- 
failing tact, he was eminently qualified for the important and 
difficult enterprise which his father left him. Of his private 
life and plans we know little, but we are justified in supposing 
that, in founding the new colony, it was a part of his plan to 
create a refuge for the persecuted members of his own church. 
No doubt his plans comprehended many other purposes. 

Now that Lord Baltimore had secured his charter he was free 
to proceed with the work of founding a colony. It was his in- 
tention to accompany the early settlers himself, and share with 
them the dangers and hardships of the enterprise; but Maryland 
was destined to suffer a long period of opposition and peril, and 
the proprietary found it necessary to remain in England to pro- 
tect the interests of his infant colony. He never visited Mary- 
land. The members of the old Virginia company, who seem to 
have entertained some hopes of regaining their lost privileges, 
became his bitter enemies. It was not until after much opposi- 
tion and many unpleasant experiences that the proprietary was 
able to send out his first colony. 

11. The First Colonists; Lord Baltimore's Policy of 
Religious Toleration.— The proprietary said in reference to ' 
the first band of colonists that sailed to Maryland: "There are 
two of my brothers gone, with very near twenty other gentlemen 
of very good fashion, and three hundred labouring men well pro- 
vided in all things." His brother Leonard was in command of 
the expedition and became the first governor of Maryland. 
Two Catholic priests were in the company also, and one of them, 
Father Andrew White, wrote a narrative of the voyage. 



12 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

Hovv many of this interesting company were Catholics and how 
many were Protestants is a matter of uncertainty. Lord Balti- 
more's brothers were Catholics and probably the twenty gentle- 
men associated with them were Catholics also, while most of the 
other colonists were Protestants. This brings us to a considera- 
tion of religious freedom in Maryland, v/hich prevailed from the 
start. Cecilius Calvert, as has already been said, doubtless meant 
to establish a retreat for persecuted Catholics. But it will be 
evident, if you remember the times that we are studying, that 
to found a purely Catholic colony in v^/hich no other denom- 
ination was allowed, was not possible, for such a storm would 
immediately have been raised in England as would inevitably 
have cut off the colony in its infancy. This fact is so plain as to 
have led some writers to withhold from Cecilius due credit for his 
policy of toleration. He permitted freedom of worship to all 
sects of Christians under many different circumstances, and when 
his government v^as temporarily overthrown, freedom of worship 
ceased also, but v/as again restored with the rule of the proprietary. 
All that we know of his life and character shows him to have been 
a man of tolerant principles — broad-minded, just, liberal, and 
wise. And Maryland has the honor, through Cecilius Calvert, 
of being the first colony in America, as well as one of the first 
places in the world, where freedom of vrarship was permitted. 

12. The Voyage to Maryland; The First Landing — 
After many difficulties, our colonists reached the Isle of Wight, 
and from here, on a November day of 1633, they set sail in two small 
vessels, the Ark and the Dove, and stood out to sea before a steady 
breeze from the east. After a stormy voyage, in the course of 
which they stopped in the West Indies, the expedition arrived 
at Virginia, where a letter from the king procured them a friend- 
ly reception. From here they sailed for the Potomac river. 

Near the mouth of the river they found a lovely little island, 
thickly wooded and dotted with early spring flowers, which they 
named St. Clement's. It is now called Blakiston's Island. 



THE SETTLEMENT OF MARYLAND 



13 



Here they landed, and with solemn religious ceremonies set up 
a large wooden cross, about v/hich Catholic and Protestant knelt 
together,— March 25, 1634. 

13. The Land of Promise. ^ — To what sort of country had our 
colonists come? Anxiously indeed must they have looked for- 
ward to the time which had now arrived. They had given up 
their homes, and had left their native land for a widely different 
one — a highly civilized 
country for a wilderness, 
through which the wild 
beasts roamed at will and 
more savage men wandered 
unrestrained. After such 
anxiety then, they must 
have beheld their new 
home, as they sailed along 
to the first landing place, 
with feelings of intense re- 
lief and pleasure, for it 
was truly a noble country to 
which they had come. 

Nothing small or mean 
greeted the eye. There 
was the magnificent expanse of the Chesapeake bay; there was 
the beautiful Potomac beside which, Father White said,the Thames 
was but a rivulet; there were mighty forests stretching as far as 
the eye could reach, unchoked by briers, and containing "strange 
and beautiful trees;" there were banks and groves dotted with 
the early flowers of spring; there were myriads of water-fowl and 
flocks of wild turkeys; there were new and wonderful birds, the 
jay with his coat of blue, the tanager in his feathers of scarlet, 
and strangest of all the oriole, in a dress of black and gold, the 
Baltimore colors ; — and this was Maryland. 

♦Built in 1824, of the bricks of the first State House, which stood almost ou 
the spot. 




TRINITY CHURCH, SITE UF ST. MARY'S* 
FROM A PHOTOGRAPH 



14 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

14. Founding of the First Capital (St. Mary's); Rela= 
lations with the Indians. — Governor Leonard Calvert at once 
undertook to win the friendship of the native tribes of Indians. 
These poor creatures were ignorant and uncivilized; they dressed 
in mantles of deer skins or other hides, painted their faces, and 
with bows and flint-tipped arrows hunted the wild animals of 
the forests. Wars with the Indians in which the most horrible 
and bloody deeds were committed occurred in many other parts 
of America, but Maryland was spared this terrible experience. 
It is to the everlasting honor of Leonard Calvert and of Mary- 
land that the settlement of the State was effected without shed- 
ding the blood of this unfortunate people, for in few indeed of 
the other colonies were settlements so made. In order to carry 
out his purpose, Governor Calvert sailed up the Potomac river to 
visit the emperor of the Indians, and he managed the interview 
so well that hev/on the permission of the chief to form a settle- 
ment Vv^ith his colony. 

As the little isle of St. Clement's was far too small to accomo- 
date the settlers, a home had now to be sought. Guided by a 
Virginian named Henry Fleet, they sailed into a broad and deep 
river, which flows into the Potomac from the north, not far from 
its mouth. This river, which they named St. George's, is now 
called the St. Mary's. Some distance up they found an Indian 
village, on the east bank of the river, and here they determined 
to make their future home. A large tract of land was purchased 
from the Indians and named Augusta Carolina, and it was arranged 
that the colonists should occupy half the village until harvest 
time, after which it was to be entirely abandoned to them. 
The terms of the treaty being fully arranged, the colonists 
landed with much show and ceremony. The governor took 
formal possession of the soil and named the new town St. Mary's. 
Thus was founded the oldest city of Maryland and its first capital, 
—March 27, 1634. 



THE SETTLEMENT OF MARYLAND 15 

The dealings of Governor Calvert with the Indians were marked 
by kindness, tact, and justice. The natives were paid for the land 
with English cloth, axes, hatchets, knives, and hoes, which was 
very creditable, for purchases were often made from the Indians 
with worthless strings of flashing beads and bits of shining glass, in 
which the simple natives took a childish delight. During the 
joint occupation of the village by the English and the Indians 
perfect peace and friendliness prevailed. Many of the Indian 
women and children dwelt with the families of the English, and 
learned from them some of the arts and refinements of civiliza- 
tion. The Indian women taught the English how to make hom- 
iny and "pone" of the corn, the Indian men hunted wild 
turkeys and deer for them in the forest. Thus happily did the 
two peoples dwell together until the harvest. 

15. The Prosperous Beginning. — In the early history of 
Virginia there was a "starving time," in the course of which the 
entire colony came very near being extinguished. Maryland 
never knew such a condition, the colony being prosperous from 
the start. The voyage had been so planned that the colonists ar- 
rived in Maryland in the early spring, having thus the longest 
possible time to prepare for the winter. A supply of food was 
brought from England, and corn for planting from the West In- 
dies, while cattle and hogs were bought in Virginia. Farms 
were laid out, and soon the province was settled in earnest. 

No scarcity of food ever existed. The bay and rivers were 
teeming with fish and covered with water-fowl, while the forests 
held multitudes of wild turkeys, deer, bears, and small game. As 
for the corn harvests, they were so bountiful that corn was almost 
immediately sent to New England, and there exchanged for salt 
fish and other supplies. In the proper seasons strawberries and 
nuts were plentiful. 

16, Legislative Assemblies; the People Win the Right 
to Propose Laws. — Hardly was the colony firmly established be- 
fore the people began to make laws under which to live. The first 



16 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

legislative assembly met at St. Mary's in February, 1635, and 
was composed of all the freemen of the province. Unfortunately, 
the records of the proceedings of this interesting assembly have 
been lost, but we do know that a body of laws was passed. 

Now the seventh section of the Maryland Charter provides that 
the proprietary may enact laws with the advice and consent of the 




ST. MARY'S FEMALE SEMINARY 
On Site of St. Marvs City 
fhom a photograph 



people of the province or their representatives. This seems to 
mean that all laws should originate with the proprietary, and then 
be submitted to the people, who could accept or reject them as 
they chose. This is just a reversal of the usual method of legis- 
lation, by which the law-making power belongs to the representa- 
tives of the people, while the ruler exercises the right of veto 
(which means, "I forbid")- But taking the ground that his 
charter gave him this right, Lord Baltimore refused to assent to 
these laws. In April of 1637 he directed Governor Leonard 
Calvert to call an Assembly of the people on the 25th of the fol- 
lowing January, and inform them of his lordship's dissent to all 
laws previously passed by them. 



THE SETTLEMENT OF MARYLAND 17 

Accordingly, the Assembly met on January 25, 1638. It was 
composed of all the freemen of the province, and not of repre- 
sentatives. Those vv^ho could not come engaged other persons to 
vote for them, and such a person was called a "proxy." Thus 
one man might have the privilege of casting ten votes, his own 
and those of nine other men who had empowered him to vote for 
them. The proprietary sent out to the Assembly a body of laws 
of his ovm making, the bearer being John Lewger, a friend of 
Lord Baltimore's, and a man of much intelligence and profound 
legal knowledge, who Vv^as to be secretary of the province. 

The proprietary might be determined to retain the right which 
his charter gave him, but the people of Maryland were equally 
determined to have for themselves the right to propose laws, 
which they believed belonged to them as Englishmen. They 
accordingly rejected the laws of the proprietary by a large ma- 
jority, and then passed a new set of laws, which included many of 
those prepared by the proprietary. Having thus forcibly assert- 
ed the right which they claimed, they sent off the laws they had 
passed to the proprietary for his approval. These laws did not go 
into operation, and it is therefore supposed that the proprietary 
refused to assent to them, and the province now seemed, as a re- 
sult of this unhappy dispute, in danger of remaining without any 
laws at all. But Lord Baltimore wisely decided to relinquish the 
right which his charter gave him, for the sake of the welfare and 
happiness of his province. Thus ended, triumphantly for the 
people, the first struggle for popular rights in Maryland. 

17. State of Society.— The life of the people in these early 
days of the colony was very rude and simple. The community 
was purely agricultural. Shortly after the settlement Lord Balti- 
more sent out instructions about the granting of land,which were 
called "Conditions of Plantation." The land that a man might 
receive varied according to the number of persons that he brought 
over to settle in the colony. Thus, each of the first settlers who 
brought over as many as five persons received two thousand acres 



18 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

of land; if he brought fewer than five he received one hundred 
acres for himself and every man, one hundred for his wife and 
every servant, and fifty for every child under sixteen. The land 
so granted was subject to a small annual rent to the proprietary, 
called a "quit rent." Relations with the neighboring Indians 
were friendly from the beginning. Father White and other good 
priests becoming missionaries to them and winning many con- 
verts. This fact, together with the abundance of food and the 




' ROSECROFT*" 

easy conditions on which land was granted and the religious tol- 
eration that prevailed, caused the population to grow rapidly. 
Plantations were usually laid out along the water's edge, and the 
first houses were rudely built of logs and boards. Travel was 
almost entirely by water. 

Augusta Carolina (See Sec. 14) soon became St. Mary's county, 
which is thus the oldest in the state. As the population increased 

*An old colonial house, altered in part, near the site of St. Mary's. It is the 
home that is mentioned promimmtly in J. P. Kennedy's romance, Rob of the 
Bowl. 



THE SETTLEMENT OF MARYLAND 19 

and the settlements began to spread the county was divided into 
"hundreds." Hundred was a name originally applied to a dis- 
trict capable of supplying a hundred men for the army. In Eng- 
land the county divisions were called hundreds, and the name 
was used in the same way in Maryland. The hundred thus cor- 
responds to the election district of the present time. A settle- 
ment which soon grew up across the St. Mary's river was called 
St. George's Hundred, and others were not long in forming. 

Wheat was grown in small quantities, and a good deal of Indian 
corn was raised, mostly for private use. The great staple in 
Maryland, as in Virginia, was tobacco. This plant was not 
known to the inhabitants of the Old World prior to the discovery 
of America, but was found here by the early explorers. The Indians 
smoked it, and from them Europeans learned to do the same and 
the habit soon became widespread. This, of course, caused a 
large demand for tobacco, and as a result the systematic cultiva- 
tion of the plant was begun and a large and profitable trade sprang 
up between the Old World and the New. How important tobacco 
became you may judge from the fact that it was used in the 
place of money, and public officers and others had their salaries 
«.paid in tobacco instead of in money, — gold, silver, or paper. 
There were no manufactures. Corn was pounded in mortars by 
hand, and pretty hard work it was, too. Most of the necessaries 
of life and all its luxuries were imported. Most of the trading 
was done directly with the ships, as they arrived from England. 
Besides the foreign trade the Marylanders also carried on a trade 
with the Indians, chiefly for furs. These could be purchased, 
usually at very low rates, and sold in England at handsome 
profits. 

Maryland in these early days was thus a simple community of 
farmers, or planters, as they were called; there was nothing like 
the commercial business of large cities or older societies. But 
the province was as yet in its early infancy, and from these hum- 
ble beginnings greater things were to come. 



20 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

TOPICS AND QUESTIONS 

ID. Character and Plans of the Second Lord Baltimore. 

For what personal qualities was Cecilius Calvert distinguished? 

"What can be said about his life and plans ? 

Why did not Lord Baltimore accompany his colony to Maryland? 

11. The First Colonists; Lord Baltimore's Policy of Religious Toleration. 

How was the first body of colonists composed? 

"Who was the first governor of Maryland ? 

"What combination of circumstances favored religious freedom in 

Maryland ? 
Maryland's honorable record. 

12. The "Voyage to Maryland; The First Landing. 

"When did the first colonists sail and what sort of voyage did 

they have ? 
"Where and when did they make the first landing? 
Describe the landing. 

13. The Land of Promise. 

Describe as fully as possible, Maryland as the first settlers saw it. 

14. Founding of the First Capital (St. Mary's); Relations with the In- 

dians. 

Describe the Indians and their manner of living. 

Describe the treatment of the Indians in Maryland. 

"What visit did Governor Calvert pay immediately on his arrival ? 

How did he succeed ? 

The site of a permanent settlement is selected and purchased 
from the Indians. 

The terms of the treaty. 

Founding of the oldest city and first capital of Maryland, March 
11, 1634. 

How were the Indians paid for their land? 

Describe the relations between the Indians and the English dur- 
ing their joint occupation of St. Mary's. 

15. The Prosperous Beginning. 

Conditions favorable to prosperity. 

The abundance of fish, game, and other food. 

16. Legislative Assemblies; The People "Win the Right to Propose Laws. 

"When and where did the first legislative assemb'y in Maryland 
meet ? 

"What provision did the Maryland charter make in regard to legis- 
lation? 



THE SETTLEMENT OF MARYLAND 21 

On what grounds did Lord Baltimore refuse to assent to the laws 
passed by the first Assembly. 

Meeting of the Assembly, January 25, 1638. How was this As- 
sembly composed? Arrival of John Lewger. Rejection of Lord 
Baltimore's laws. 

Successful result of the first struggle for popular rights in Mary- 
land, 
'7. State of Society. 

Maryland an agricultural community. 

The "Conditions of Plantation." 

Rapid growth of the population and its causes. 

Political divisions — the "hundred." 

St. George's Hundred established. 

Raising of wheat and corn. 

Tobacco and its history. It becomes the staple of Maryland and 
is used for money. 

No manufactures ; corn pounded by hand. Most necessities and 
all luxuries imported. 

Trade with the Indians. 

General character of Maryland society. 

QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND RESEARCH 

1. Considering the object of the expedition, do you think the first 

band of colonists was well composed? Find out what you can 
about the settlement of Virginia, and comparing this with what 
you know about Maryland, see if you can find reasons for the 
quicker success of the latter. 

2. Locate accurately on the map the first landing place of the colo- 

nists, and the situation of St. Mary's. Where is the Thames? 

3. Imagine yourself a passenger on the Ark ; how do you feel as the 

vessel leaves England, during the voyage, and on your arrival ? 
If you were to sail up the Potomac n'ow, would you behold the 
same scene that greeted the eyes of the first settlers ? What 
changes have taken place and why? 

4. Would the Indians have preferred to receive money for their land 

instead of the articles that Governor Calvert gave them? Give 
reasons for your answer. Name some things that you think the 
English likely to have learned from the Indians. The Indians 
from the English. Find out what you can about the relations be- 
tween the Indians and the English in other parts of America, and 
compare with Maryland. 



22 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

5. Name three differences between the first legislative assembly of 

Maryland and one of the present day. Was it a good provision 
of the charter that gave Lord Baltimore the right to originate 
laws? Were the people justified in taking the stand which they 
did? 

6. Were the Conditions of Plantation liberal, and likely to attract 

settlers ? Explain as fully as you can the causes that favored the 
growth of population. Was tobacco a convenient money? Why 
was it much less inconvenient than such a currency would be 
now ? 

7. Write an account of "Life in Early Maryland." 

References 

Browne's Maryland, pp. 20-20, 3ti :57, 41-47, 4S 50, and 51 53. Browne's Calverts. 
pp 39-6-.' and 83-87. r\\on\a.s's C/ironiclrs of C<i/<nira/ Marv/and, 9-2S. Hall's 77/^ 
Lords Baliimoye. pp. 28-4'i, 49-51. Fiske's Old I'irginia and Her Neighbors, Vol. I, 
268-275. Mereness' Maryland as a Proprietary Province— ace indes for topics 
desired. 



CHAPTER III 

"Leah and Rachel" — Wherein two Sister Colonies 

Disagree 

18. A Jealous Sister. — The Character and Plans of 
William. Claiborne. It has already been said that the char- 
ter of Lord Baltimore met with fierce opposition (See Sec. lO). 
The enmity of the members of the old Virginia company was 
noticed, but we have now to observe that a protest was forthcom- 
ing from the Virginia colony as well, and to go back a little to 
notice some very interesting and important events connected 
with the bad feeling that for a time prevailed between "Leah and 
-ler younger sister Rachel."* Virginia was jealous of Maryland 
chiefly for three reasons. First, Maryland had once been apart 
of the territory of Virginia; secondly, Maryland was ruled by 
Catholics, while Virginia was Protestant and strongly attached to 
the Established Church of England; thirdly, the commercial rights 
and privileges of Maryland were much greater than those of Vir- 
ginia. Thus for a time Maryland's sister colony and nearest 
neighbor, unfortunately became her worst enemy. 

In the protest above mentioned, the Virginians were repre- 
sented by William Claiborne, their secretary of state. This man, 
not unjustly called the evil genius of Maryland, was the prime 
mover of mischief from first to last, and devoted all the ener- 
gies of his unusually determined and persevering nature to the task 
of ruining the Maryland colony. For twenty years his influence 
seriously affected Maryland history, and more than once nearly 
brought about her destruction. 

Claiborne's opportunity came in the following manner. Coming 
over to Virginia in 1621 as surveyor, his force of character brought 
him rapidly into notice, and at the time of the settlement on the 

*In 1056 a book was published in London by Hammond, called Leah and 
Rachel; or, The Tivo Fruitful Sisters, Virginia and Mary/and. John Fiske use? 
the phrase also, as a chapter title in Old Virginia and Her Neighbors. 



24 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

St. Mary's he was secretary of state for Virginia and a member 
of the governor's council. He began to engage to some extent 
in the fur trade with the Indians. In this he was so successful 
as to induce a firm of London merchants to employ him as a 
special agent or partner in the business of trading with the In- 
dians. Claiborne then established a post on Kent Island, in the 
Chesapeake bay, for this purpose, and obtained licenses to trade; 
but he did not secure any grant of land. A few dwellings were 
erected, which were paid for by the London merchants, Cloberry 
and Company. To complete the claim of Virginia, it should be 
noted also, that Palmer's Island had been occupied by traders, 
and trading expeditions had been conducted by Henry Fleet, 
John Pory, and possibly other Virginians. The Maryland char- 
ter spoke of the country as "hitherto uncultivated;" but this 
was descriptive merely, and not a condition of the grant, and if 
it had been the traders had not settled or cultivated the country. 

The instructions of the proprietary regarding Claiborne were 
very generous. Acting according to these instructions. Governor 
Calvert notified Claiborne that his post was within the limits of 
Maryland. He was given to understand that he would be welcome 
to the land he had occupied, but that he must acknowledge the 
authority of Lord Baltimore, and hold the land from him and not 
from Virginia. Claiborne, on receiving this notice, asked the 
Virginia council what he should do. Their answer was, that 
they wondered at his asking such a question; could there be any 
more reason for giving up Kent Island than any other part of 
Virginia? Thus Claiborne made his own cause and that of 
Virginia one, and feeling sure of support now, he returned an 
answer to Governor Calvert in which he utterly refused to acknowl- 
edge the authority of Maryland and Lord Baltimore. 

19. The Dispute Leads to Bloodshed. — The proprie- 
tary's instructions provided that if Claiborne should refuse to 
acknowledge the jurisdiction of Maryland, he was to be undis- 
turbed for a year. But trouble soon arose. The Indians, 



"LEAH AND RACHEL" 25 

hitherto so friendly and sociable, became cold and reserved, — ■ 
a change which alarmed the people greatly. On investigation 
Claiborne was charged with telling lies to the Indians for the 
purpose of stirring them up against the Marylanders, but in 
justice it must be said that when the Indians were questioned 
in his presence they declared that he had never done anything 
to prejudice them against the people of Maryland. 

But there was trouble of a more serious nature when a vessel of 
Claiborne's under the command of Thomas Smith, was seized 
in the Patuxent river for trading without a license in Maryland 
waters. In return, Claiborne fitted out an armed vessel, the 
Cockatrice, under the command of Lieut. Ratcliffe Warren, 
which he sent out with orders to capture any Maryland vessel that 
he might meet. When news of these mighty doings came to the 
ears of Governor Calvert he promptly armed and sent out two 
vessels, the St. Margaret and the St. Helen, under the command 
of Captain Thomas Cornwallis. "The two expeditions met at 
the mouth of the Pocomoke on April 23d,* and then and there 
was fought the first naval battle on the inland waters of America." 
Several men were killed and wounded on both sides, Lieut. 
Warren being among the killed, and the Cockatrice surrendered. 
A second fight took place a few days later, in which Thomas 
Smith commanded the vessel of Claiborne, resulting in more 
bloodshed. 

20. The Capture of Kent Island. — For a time Claiborne 
remained in undisturbed possession of Kent Island. But his 
affairs presently took on a different color, for his London partners, 
Cloberry and Company, became dissatisfied with his management, 
and sent out an agent named George Evelin to take charge of 
their property. Claiborne tried hard to induce Evelin to promise 
not to give up the island to the Marylanders, but could not suc- 
ceed. He then went to England and engaged in a law suit with 
the London merchants who had employed him. Evelin went to 

*1635 




From FiSKE'8 Old Virginia and Her Neighbors, 




RMiSSION OF THE PUBLISHERS, HoUGHTON, MIFFLIN & COMPANY 



28 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

St. Mary's after a time, and there he heard the other side of the 
story, and was fully convinced of the right of Maryland's claim 
to the island. On his return, he called the people together and 
explained the situation to them, and Lord Baltimore's authority 
was recognized. Governor Calvert then appointed Evelin com- 
mander of the island. 

But the matter was not yet settled. A number of persons 
were arrested for debts owed to Cloberry and Company, and Thomas 
Smith (the same who had already taken part against the Mary- 
landers), and John Butler (a brother-in-law of Claiborne), used every 
opportunity to stir up dissatisfaction. The matter finally amounted 
to a rebellion, and Governor Calvert, after several warnings, pro- 
ceeded to the island himself, with a body of armed men, to offer a 
little more forcible persuasion. The attack was a complete 
surprise, and Smith and Butler were captured. The governor 
then offered to pardon all others who would come in at once and 
submit themselves to the government of Maryland, "whereupon," 
says Governor Calvert, in a letter to his brother, the proprietary, 
"the whole ileand came in and submitted themselves." Smith 
was tried before the Assembly on charges of piracy and murder, 
was convicted and sentenced to death; Butler, not being accused 
of crimes so serious, and having shown a better disposition, was 
pardoned by the governor and afterward came to hold office in the 
province. 

In England the final blow was now struck against the cause 
of Claiborne. The quarrel over Kent Island had been referred 
to the Board of Commissioners for the Plantations (a body having 
charge of colonial affairs), and they decided that as Lord Baltimore 
had a grant from the King of England, while Claiborne had 
merely a trading license, the title was undoubtedly with the former. 
Claiborne has defenders even today, and possibly he really 
thought he was defending his rights; but his contentions were 
clearly illegal and his methods, as his history shows, were by no 
means honorable. 



"LEAH AND RACHEL" 29 

21. Changes in the Organization of the Assembly; 
Troubles with the Indians. — The Kent Island affair was 
now closed for the time, but only to be reopened through a series 
of remarkable events. We have seen the struggle of the people 
of Maryland for the right of proposing laws, and the success which 
crowned their effort. That success was complete, and it was 
arranged that laws passed by the Assembly should go into operation 
at once if approved by the governor, in order to save the delay 
that must ensue if the colonists were kept waiting for the laws 
to go to England and then return after receiving the proprietary's 
approval. He, of course, reserved to himself the right of final 
veto. When the Assembly met in 1639, it was composed no 
longer of all the freemen of the province, but of representatives 
called "burgesses" from the hundreds. Many laws were proposed 
at this session which, like the laws of England at the time, were 
very severe. The penalty of death was prescribed for murder, 
robbery, sorcery, polygamy, perjury, and blasphemy. Weights and 
measures were established and courts of justice created. But 
not until the following session, for some reason, were these laws 
finally enacted. For several years the Assembly consisted of 
but one House, the governor and his council sitting with the 
burgesses, and the governor presiding. Afterwards the Assembly 
was organized with an Upper and a Lower House, the former 
composed of the governor and his council and the latter of the 
burgesses elected by the people. 

While the relations of the people of Maryland with the neigh- 
boring Indians remained friendly, the fierce Susquehannocks to 
the north and the Nanticokes on the Eastern Shore were con- 
stantly troublesome and dangerous. On several occasions houses 
were burned and settlers were murdered. A system of signals 
was established by the English, and energetic measures were 
taken by the governor to stop the outrages. 



30 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

22. The Civil War in England and the Rise of 
Cromwell. — It will be impossible to understand the allusions 
that follow, as well as the general course of Maryland history in 
the events now about to be narrated, without some understanding 
of the events that were occurring in England at the same time. 

King James I, the same who befriended George Calvert and 
made him a knight and nobleman, was the first of the royal house 
of Stuart that reigned in England. He entertained very high 
notions about the rights of kings. In fact he believed that a 
king ruled by ' ' divine right" and not by authority of the people, 
that the authority of a king was of right absolute, and that he 
could not be called to account by anybody. His son, Charles, 
the same who granted the province of Maryland to Lord Balti- 
more, succeeded him and became Charles I, and unfortunately 
he succeeded to his father's high notions about the rights of a 
king as well as to his kingdom. 

Now the power of making laws and of taxing the people rested 
with the Parliament, — the legislative body in which the English 
people were represented, while the king had the power of veto. 
But Charles claimed the right to make laws and to tax the people 
without the consent of Parliament, and proceeded to act accord- 
ingly. He collected various taxes and imprisoned at pleasure 
those who refused to pay, and actually ruled for eleven years 
without calling a Parliament. Almost from the beginning of the 
reign of James the people had been angry and discontented over 
the tjnranny of the king and his claims to absolute power, and 
these feelings had steadily grown. After all these years a Parlia- 
ment met, called the Long Parliament because it continued for 
twenty years, and from the measures it passed in opposition to 
the king, it soon became apparent that civil war was at hand. 

The year 1642 found the king and Parliament engaged in 
actual warfare, — ■ England's great civil war had begun. After a 
long struggle, in which first one side and then the other had the 
advantage, and during which the king plotted and deceived in 



'•■LEAH AND RACHEL" 31 

anything but a kingly manner, the war finally ended in victory 
for the Parliament. Then the king v/as brought to trial as a 
"tyrant, traitor, murderer and public enemy," and sentenced to 
death. He was beheaded at Whitehall palace, London, in 1649. 

One of the ablest generals on the side of the Parliament was 
Oliver Cromwell, and after the death of the king he soon ob- 
tained the chief powers of the government and came to the head 
of the nation as "Lord Protector of the Commomvealth." His 
rule was firm and just, and was respected at home and abroad. 
At his death he was succeeded by his son Richard. But Richard 
did not possess the ability of his father, and his government soon 
fell to pieces. The result was the restoration of the Stuarts, in 
the person of Charles, son of the late king, who was crowned 
King Charles II (1660). He reigned until his death in 1685. 

23. Maryland at the Beginning of the Civil War. — 
The unhappy quarrel that now divided the mother country of 
course extended to the colonies, and they took one side or the 
other, while partisans of each side might be found in the same 
colony. In Maryland several happenings, together with the 
general restlessness and discontent noticeable among the people, 
indicated that trouble of a serious nature might occur at any mo- 
ment. Lord Baltimore's father had been a friend of the last 
king, and he himself was indebted for many favors to the present 
king; hence it was not unnaturally thought that in the present 
quarrel he would take the king's side. On the other hand the 
principles of the king as shown in his government were entirely 
different from the principles of Lord Baltimore as shown in the 
Marjdand government. The truth seems to be that Lord Balti- 
more did his best to preserve a neutral attitude in the struggle. 

In these difficulties Governor Calvert was naturally anxious 
and uncertain what course it was best to pursue, so he determined 
to go to England and consult his brother, the proprietary. He 
left the province in April, 1643, leaving Giles Brent to act as 
governor during his absence. 



32 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

24. The Invasion of Claiborne and Ingle; The Plun= 
dering Time. — "The governor of Maryland, as well as the 
governor of Virginia, had gone to England on business, and 
while the cats were away the mice did play." The province 
being still in the restless and uncomfortable state in which 
Leonard Calvert left it, there sailed into the harbor of St. Mary's 
with his ship. Captain EJchard Ingle, a trader who was accused 
of being at the same time a pirate. Ingle was a violent partisan 
of the Parliament, and pretty soon information was laid before 
the deputy-governor. Brent, that he had been making such re- 
marks as "the king was no king," and that he was "a captain for 
the Parliament against the king," — all this in a very violent 
manner with many flourishes of his svv^ord and threats of cutting 
off the heads of any who contradicted him. Thus, in the absence 
of the governor, Maryland was brought face to face with the is- 
sue she dreaded; for if Ingle were arrested and punished, the 
province was committed to the cause of the king, while if he 
were allowed to go free it was committed to the cause of Par- 
liament. The proceedings in the case were curious. Ingle was 
arrested by order of the governor and a guard placed on board 
his ship; whereupon Captain Thomas Cornwallis, commander of 
the militia, and Councilor Neale, took him on board his ship, 
ordered the guard to lay down their arms, and Ingle took com- 
mand and sailed triumphantly out of the harbor. For this very 
serious offense Cornwallis was simply fined and Neale temporarily 
suspended, so there can be little doubt that these strange pro- 
ceedings were simply an ingenious device to avoid what would 
perhaps have raised a rebellion in the province. 

At the same time Claiborne was active and doing his best to 
stir up the inhabitants of Kent Island. They inclining toward 
the cause of the king, Claiborne produced a paper of some 
kind which he declared was a commission from the king, which 
gave him the power to seize Maryland. In September, 1644, 
Governor Calvert returned, and found Claiborne and Ingle 



"LEAH AND RACHEL" 33 

making ready to invade the province. This was a strange friend- 
ship indeed, since Ingle professed to act under authority of the 
Parliament while Claiborne pretended to hold a commission from 
the king. But "Ingle with his letters from Parliament, and 
Claiborne with his 'king's commission,' were drawn together by 
an affinity that was stronger than either." Ingle suddenly ap- 
peared before St. Mary's in a heavily armed ship and captured the 
to.vn, while Claiborne recovered Kent Island. Governor Calvert 
found refuge in Virginia. 

For nearly two years the province was without anything like 
government, Ingle and his men roaming about and robbing at 
will. According to the accounts of Marylanders, they plundered 
the plantations, and carried off corn, tobacco, and everything of 
value, even to the locks and hinges of doors. Not only this, but 
the great seal (which was of silver) and the official records were 
stolen or destroyed, to the great loss of the province. The 
stations of the missionaries were broken up and the aged Father 
White sent to England in irons to be tried for treason, but 
fortunately he was acquitted. Governor Calvert watched the 
progress of affairs, and presently gathering a force of men he re- 
turned to Maryland, re-captured St. Mary's, and resumed the 
government for Lord Baltimore. The rebellion of Claiborne and 
Ingle was at an end, but it was long remembered by the people 
as the "plundering time." 

Ingle has been warmly defended, and most of the charges 
against him have been disputed. In forming an opinion we 
must keep in mind the fact that his was a time of violence and 
immoderate partisanship, while the records are very meagre. 

25. Death of Governor Calvert.— Peace was hardly re- 
stored when the province met a heavy loss in the death of its first 
governor, Leonard Calvert (June 9, 1647). Little is known 
of his private life, but his record shows him to have been wise, 
just, and kind, and well worthy of the trust reposed in him. His 
thirteen years of faithful service succeeded in establishing firmly 



34 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 




MONUMENT TO LEONARD CALVERT 
Site of St. Marvs 
from a photograph 

the same time he appointed 



the province he governed, 
and laying secure founda- 
tions for its future growth. 
He appointed Thomas 
Greene, who was a Catholic 
and a royalist, to succeed 
him until the pleasure of 
Lord Baltimore should be 
known (See Sec. 22). 

26. The Govern = 
ment Reorganized, and 
William Stone Ap= 
pointed Governor. — 

Lord Baltimore now com- 
pletely reorganized his 
government. It was a fav- 
orite cry of his enemies 
that Maryland was a nest 
of "papists," as the Catho- 
lics were called, and that 
the poor Protestants were 
grievously oppressed. 
Really the Protestants 
greatly outnumbered the 
Catholics and perfect tol- 
eration prevailed. It was 
for this reason perhaps that 
Lord Baltimore now ap- 
pointed to be governor of 
Maryland, William Stone, 
a Protestant and a friend 
of the Parliament, while at 
council of which the 



''LEAH AND RACHEL" 3S 

majority were Protestants. The officers of the government as 
thus arranged were required in their oath of office to promise not 
to interfere with freedom of worship. 

27. The Great Seal of Maryland. — Lord Baltimore also 
sent out a new Great Seal, to replace the one carried off by Ingle. 
He describes it, and states that it is very nearly like the old one. 
On one side was a figure representing Lord Baltimore on horse- 
back, clad in full armor and holding a drawn sword; around the 
edge was an inscription in Latin meaning, "Cecilius, Absolute 
Lord of Maryland and Avalon, Baron of Baltimore." On the 
other side were engraved the arms of the Calvert and Crossland 
families (Alicia Crossland was the mother of George Calvert), 
supported on one side by a fisherman and on the other by a plow- 
man, and resting on a scroll bearing the inscription, Fatti Maschii 
Parole Femine. This means literally, "Deeds (are) males, words 
females," but it is usually rendered "Manly deeds, womanly 
words," Above was a count palatine's cap, surmounted by a 
ducal crown, behind all was a purple mantle, surrounded by 
another inscription, Scuto Bonae Voluntatis Tuae Coronasti Nos 
(Ps. V. 12). This is translated, "Thou hast crowned us with the 
shield of thy good will," and is thought to refer to the kind- 
ness of the king to Lord Baltimore. In the subsequent history 
of the colony and state new seals were several times adopted, but 
the old design was restored in 1876, and "This beautiful historic 
device . . . still remains the seal and symbol of Maryland." 

28. The Toleration Act, — In April, 1649, the Assembly 
of Maryland passed the famous Toleration Act. It was called 
"An Act concerning Religion," and may be divided into two 
parts, the first of which is anything but tolerant. This first part 
provided that persons who denied the divinity of Jesus Christ 
should suffer death; that persons who should call others by any 
names in a taunting manner on account of their religion should 
be fined or whipped; and that persons profaning the "Sabbath or 




GREAT SEAL OF MARYLAND 

(obverse) 
from a print, copyrighted by c. c. 8affell, in the library of the maryland historical societv 




c^^fcn>f>'. 



GREAT SEAL OF MARYLAND 

(reverse) 

from a print, copyrighted by c. c. saffell, in the library of the maryland historical society 



38 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

Lord's day, called Sunday," should be fined and imprisoned. 
The last clause, on the other hand, provided that no person in 
Maryland should be in any way troubled or interfered with on 
account of his or her religion, and that freedom of worship must 
not be denied to any person professing to believe in Jesus Christ. 

Thus was the noble policy which Cecilius Calvert had pursued 
from the first, formally enacted into a law. "It is not likely to 
have surpassed his (Calvert's) ideals, but it may easily have fallen 
somewhat short of them." Indeed, it is probable that the last 
clause of the act was written by Calvert himself and passed without 
change, while the first part of the law was chiefly the work of the 
Assembly. But in any case it was exceedingly liberal for the 
times in which it was passed, and is greatly to the credit of 
Cecilius Calvert. The law was simply the formal statement of the 
policy of toleration which Calvert had adopted and maintained in 
Maryland from the start, and at a time when such a thing was 
nearly unheard of in the world. That he was not indifferent in 
matters concerning religion, but a sincere and devout Catholic, is 
proved by the fact that nearly all the attacks on his rights were 
aimed at his religion, and "He had only to declare himself a 
Protestant to be placed in an unassailable position; yet that step 
he never took, even when ruin seemed certain. '' But he was sin- 
gularly free from bigotry, . . . and from the foundation of 
the colony no man was molested under Baltimore's rule on ac- 
count of religion", (Browne). Two trifling cases that occurred 
in the early years of the province show the spirit that animated 
the government of Maryland. A Catholic named Lewis was tried 
before the governor for reproving two servants for reading a 
Protestant book, and fined; and several years later a Catholic 
named Gerrard was fined for taking away some books and a key 
from a chapel at St. Mary's, and the fine appropriated to the use 
of the first Protestant minister that should arrive. 

29. The Settlement of Providence r Afterward An= 
napolis) by the Puritans. — The policy of toleration adopted 



"LEAH AND RACHEL" 39 

by Maryland made her naturally the home of the persecuted. 
Governor Stone had promised Lord Baltimore to do his best to 
bring five hundred new settlers into Maryland, and to fulfill his 
promise he now invited a large body of Puritans to come over 
from Virginia and settle in Maryland. The Puritans were a sect 
of people who desired to reform the Established Church of Eng- 
land by introducing certain changes in the mode of worship, or 
to "purify" the church; hence they were called Puritans. They 
v/ere severely persecuted in England. A body of them that had 
gathered in Virginia were so bitterly persecuted that they were 
compelled to leave the colony, and now, on the invitation of 
Governor Stone, they established themselves in Maryland. By 
1649 a thousand Puritans had gone over into Maryland and set- 
tled, chiefly on the beautiful river which they called the Severn. 
This settlement they named Providence, but it was afterward 
called Annapolis. The region occupied by them soon became a 
county, and was named Anne Arundel, in honor of Lord Balti- 
more's wife, who before her marriage was Lady Anne Arundel. 

30. The Puritan Revolution; The Puritan Idea of 

Toleration. — When the Puritans applied for admission into 
Maryland they were informed that nothing would be required of 
them save obedience to the laws, the usual quit-rents, and prom- 
ise of fidelity to the proprietary. Entire freedom of worship and 
the right to manage their local affairs were granted to the Puritans, 
not to mention a large tract of fertile and conveniently located 
land. Yet so strongly were the Puritans imbued with the char- 
acteristic bigotry and intolerance of the times, that with all, their 
advantages they could not rest content. They were much dis- 
turbed to be living under a government that granted freedom of 
worship to Roman Catholics; and they were greatly troubled that 
they must take an oath of fidelity to Lord Baltimore, yet, as the 
sequel shows, they were not at all distressed about breaking the 
oath after they had taken it. "Singularly enough," remarks 



"LEAH AND RACHEL" 41 

Dr. Browne, "the simple remedy of abandoning lands which they 
could not hold with an easy conscience seems not to have oc- 
curred to them." The conduct of the Puritans can hardly be de- 
fended, even if we make the fullest allowances for the ingrained 
prejudices and intolerance that undoubtedly moved them; for 
they made strife from the first and did their utmost to overthrow 
the government that had sheltered them in their extremity, and 
to deny civil and religious liberty to those who had granted both 
freely to them. 

An opportunity for making trouble was soon afforded them. 
Virginia was warmly attached to the cause of the king, and openly 
defied the Parliament and Cromwell (See Sec. 22). Accord- 
ingly, warships and a body of commissioners were sent out to take 
charge of Virginia, and receive the submission of the governor 
and his colony. The name of Maryland also was included in the 
commission, but Lord Baltimore appeared and showed that Mary- 
land had taken no part against the Parliament, and her name was 
accordingly stricken out. But his enemies managed to have the 
words, "plantations within the Chesapeake" inserted, which 
served their purpose. You will feel no surprise at this when you 
know that one of the commissioners was Wm. Claiborne, the old 
enemy of Maryland. He had indeed been the adherent of the 
king, but the Parliament was now supreme and he had gone over 
without hesitation. Another of the commissioners was Richard 
Bennett, one of the Puritans who had found refuge in Maryland 
and had taken an oath of fidelity to the proprietary. "As soon as 
Claiborne had disposed of the elder sister, Leah, he went to set- 
tle accounts with the youthful Rachel:" proceeding to St. Mary's 
in company with Bennett, he overturned the government and re- 
moved Stone ; but the latter being popular, was afterward restored, 
though compelled to issue all writs in the name of the Parliament 
instead of Lord Baltimore. But when Cromwell assumed the 
government of England as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth the 
power of Parliament came to an end (See Sec. 22), and Stone again 



42 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

issued writs in the name of the proprietary. The Puritans whom 
Lord Baltimore had rescued from persecution now raised a com- 
motion, and back came Bennett and Claiborne to St. Mary's, in 
July, 1654. Stone was put out of office, and a council was ap- 
pointed to govern Maryland whose president, Captain William 
Fuller, was a prominent Puritan. 

The Puritan government summoned an Assembly, — in a way 
never before heard of in Maryland, for no Roman Catholic could 
vote or hold office. "In this way a house was obtained that was 
almost unanimously Puritan, and in October this novel assembly 
so far forgot its sense of the ludicrous as to pass a new 'Toleration 
Act' securing to all persons freedom of conscience, provided such 
liberty were not extended to 'popery, prelacy, or licenciousness 
of opinion.' In short, these liberal Puritans were ready to tolerate 
everybody except Catholics, Episcopalians and anybody else who 
disagreed with them!" (Fiske). 

31. The Battle of the Severn. — When Lord Baltimore 
heard of these events he wrote to Governor Stone, reproving him 
for having surrendered the government without a blow. The gov- 
ernor then gathered a little army of one hundred and thirty men 
and proceeded against Captain Fuller and his party at Providence. 

Fuller, being informed of his coming, gathered an army of 
one hundred and seventy-five men and made ready for the fight. 
The two little armies met on the South Bank of Spa creek, an in- 
let of the Severn which at present forms the southern boundary 
of Annapolis, and the battle of the Severn opened. Fuller had 
more men than Stone and was a better general, and was, more- 
over, assisted by the fire of two ships lying in the harbor at the 
time. The proprietary army was defeated, and the governor sur- 
rendered on a promise of quarter. The promise was broken, Stone 
and nine others being condemned to death; four were actually 
executed, and the rest were only saved at the request of the sol- 
diers and by the prayers of some good women. Stone, though 
spared, was treated with great cruelty. 



"LEAH AND RACHEL" 43 

Thus was the kindness of Maryland and Lord Baltimore repaid. 
"Never had the fable of the camel who asked to put his nose in 
the Arab's tent and who finally turned the owner out, been more 
completely realized than it was with the Puritans and Catholics 
of Maryland" (Riley). 

32. The Province Restored to Lord Baltimore;— the 
Sisters Become Reconciled.— The Puritans, having thus 
gained complete control, seized the records of the province and 
the property of those who had opposed them. Vigorous efforts 
had been made to have Virginia restored to her old boundaries, 
which meant that Maryland would cease to have anything. At 
this time there seemed but a dark outlook for Maryland and her 
proprietary. 

But the efforts of the proprietary's enemies to have his charter 
taken away came to nothing, for it was soon known that Cromwell 
was on his side. The Protector regarded himself as the lawful 
heir of the king, and therefore the charter was as strong under 
him as under the king. The government was surrendered to Lord 
Baltimore, on his promise not to bring the offenders to justice, 
and not to repeal the Toleration Act of 1649. The Puritans 
willingly accepted the toleration they had refused to grant. By 
March of 1658, the authorityof Lord Baltimore was acknowledged 
by the whole province. 

Thus ended the long struggle between the sister colonies of 
Maryland and Virginia, in the complete triumph of Maryland. 
In the course of that struggle every means possible, both fair and 
unfair, had been brought to bear against Maryland, but her 
victory was due to the justice of her cause and the wisdom of her 
proprietary. The history of Maryland and of Virginia were always 
to be closely connected, but the enmity was now at an end. 
"Peace reigned on the shores of Chesapeake Bay, the claims of 
Leah and Rachel were adjusted, and the fair sisters quarrelled 
no more." 



44 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

TOPICS AND QUESTIONS. 

18. A Jealous Sister— The Character and Plans of William Claiborne. 

Name three reasons for Virginia's jealousy of Maryland. 

Virginia represented by William Claiborne. 

Claiborne's character and career and his influence on Maryland 
history. 

What were the instructions of Lord Baltimore regarding Clai- 
borne ? 

What did Claiborne do after receiving the letter from Governor 
Calvert ? Result ? 

19. The Dispute Leads to Bloodshed. 

Claiborne is accused of stirring up the Indians against Maryland. 
The Battle of the Pocomoke and its causes. 
Thomas Smith defeats the Marylanders. 

20. The Capture of Kent Island. 

George Evelin takes charge of Kent Island for Cloberry and Com- 
pany and Claiborne goes to England. 

Lord Baltimore's authority acknovi^ledged in Kent Island and 
Evelin made commander. 

Smith and Butler stir up a rebellion. Capture of Kent Island. 

Smith condemned to death ; Butler pardoned. 

The dispute over Kent Island is referred to the Board of Commis- 
sioners for the Plantations, and they decide in favor of Lord 
Baltimore. 

Why was the claim of Lord Baltimore better than that of Clai- 
borne ? 

21. Changes in the Organization of the Assembly — Troubles with the 

Indians. 
Why did the proprietary allow the governor to approve laws.' 
In what way did the Assembly of 1639 differ from the earlier As- 
semblies ? 
How was the Assembly further re-organized afterwards ? 
What was the character of laws of this age ? 
What Indians were unfriendly to the province? 

22. The Civil War in England and the Rise of Cromwell. 

Notions of the Stuart kings about the "divine rights" of monarchs. 
Charles I tries to tax without the consent of Parliament. 
War breaks out between the king and Parliament. 
Defeat of the royal cause and death of the king. 



"LEAH AND RACHEL" 45 

The Rise of Cromwell ; he becomes Lord Protector of the Com- 
monwealth. 
Restoration of the Stuarts in the person of Charles H. 

23. Maryland at the beginning of the Civil "War. 

What lead Governor Calvert to go to England ? 

What attitude did Lord Baltimore desire to take in the Civil War? 

24. Invasion of Claiborne and Ingle; the Plundering Time. 

Richard Ingle arrested on a charge of treason. 

Why did Ingle's arrest place Maryland in a very dangerous posi- 
tion ? 
How was the difficulty met? 
Claiborne plots to recover Kent Island. 
Governor Calvert returns. 

Ingle captures St. Mary's and Claiborne recovers Kent Island. 
Describe the "plundering time." 
Governor Calvert returns from Virginia and re-captures St. Mary's. 

25. Death of Governor Calvert; He appoints Thomas Greene to Succeed 

Him. 

What can you say of the character of Leonard Calvert ? 
When did he die, and whom did he appoint to succeed him? 

26. The Government Re-organized and William Stone appointed Gover- 

nor. 

Why was Stone appointed governor.' 

What promise was required of the officers of the re-organized 
government ? 

27. The Great Seal of Maryland. 

Why was a new seal sent over ? 
Describe the seal as fully as possible. 

28. The Toleration Act. 

Name the chief provisions of the "Act concerning Religion." 
Which were tolerant and which intolerant ? 
How far was this Act the work of Cecilius Calvert ? 
Tell about the cases of Lewis and Gerrard. 

What reasons are there for believing that Cecilius Calvert's 
policy of toleration was sincere? 

29. The Settlement of Providence (Afterwards Annapolis) by the Puritans. 

Who where the Puritans? Why did the Puritans leave Virginia? 
In what part of Maryland did the Puritans settle? 
What county was erected out of this territory? 



46 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

30. The Puritan Revolution; — the Puritan Idea of Toleration. 

Conduct of the Puritans. 

How did an opportunity occur for them to make trouble.' Parlia- 
ment sends an expedition to reduce Virginia. 

Claiborne and Bennett among the commissioners. 

How did they obtain an excuse to overthrow the government of 
Maryland ? 

The Puritans in control ; William Poller president of the council. 

Describe the Puritan toleration. 

31. The Battle of the Severn. 

Describe the battle of the Severn, and tell its cause and results. 

32. The Province Restored to Lord Baltimore. — The Sisters Become Rec- 

onciled. 
The province apparently lost to Lord Baltimore. 
It is restored by order of Cromv/ell. Reasons for his action. 
Conditions of the surrender of the Puritans. 
Reasons for Maryland's triumph. 

QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND RESEARCH 

1. Draw a sketch map of Maryland showing the principal rivers and 

islands, St. Mary's, and Annapolis. Point out some similarities 
between the geography of Maryland and the geography of Virginia. 
What would you expect to result from these similarities? 

2. Who were Leah and Rachel.' Do you think the names were suita- 

ble in speaking of Maryland and Virginia? If so, why? Were 
the grounds of Virginia's opposition to Maryland justly taken? 

3. Make a list of Claiborne's claims to Kent Island, and then a list 

of Lord Baltimore's claims. Which list seems to you the 
stronger ? In the light of these facts, was the seizure of Clai- 
borne's vessel right ? In sending out the Cockatrice was Claiborne 
really guilty of murder and piracy ? Did Smith deserve the death 
penalty for his offense ? 

4. Was the organization of the Assembly of 1639 more convenient 

than that of the earlier ones ? Was it more likely to do good 
work? [Give reasons for your answers. J Why are legislatures of 
two houses better than those of one? Can you think of a special 
reason that applied in this case? How many houses do legislative 
bodies have in the United States at the present time. 



"LEAH AND RACHEL" 47 

5. Discuss the motto on the Maryland seal. Is it suitable for a state? 

6. Write an account of religious toleration in Maryland. Write a 

character sketch of Cecilius Calvert. 

References 

General— Browne's Maryland, pp. 27-35, 37-41, 50-54, 57-89. Browne's Cal- 
verVs, pp. fi3-82 (includes a long letter from Governor Calvert to his brother, 
describing- the capture of Kent Island), 94-97, 127-159. Fiske's Old J'hgniia and 
Her IVejg/idois, yol.l, Chapter IX (pp. 280-318). Mereness' Maryland as a Pro- 
prietary Province. See index for topics desired. 

Special.— For an account of the great seal of Maryland see pp. 68-69 of 
Steiner's Instihiiions and Civil Govet nmetit o/ Maryland; and Chapter X of 
Thomas' Chronicles of Colo)iial Ataiylatid. For an account of the Puritan Revo- 
lution and the Battle of the Severn see Riley's The Ancient OVy (Annapolis), 
Chapters VIII and IX. For a very full account of the Toleration Act see B. T. 
Johnson's The Foundation of Maryland, Fund Publication No, 18 of the Mary- 
land Historical Society. 



CHAPTER IV 

Maryland Becomes a Royal Province. 

33. The Maryland Constitution. — The early history of 
Maryland, the period extending from the settlement of the prov- 
ince to theend of the Puritan Revolution in 1658, was marked 
by constant change and experiment in the constitution of the 
government. The opposition to Lord Baltimore's charter, the 
enmity of Virginia, the civil war in England, and the rebellion 
of the Puritans, resulted, of course, in serious disturbance; the 
colony was still very weak and neither the authority of the governor 
nor the constitution of the Assembly was definitely fixed. But 
after the final victory of Maryland and her proprietary in 1658, 
the government was firmly established in permanent form. 

The powers which the charter granted to the proprietary were 
very great, as has already been pointed out (See Sec. 8). He 
appointed the officers to carry on his government, and established 
courts. The governor was his representative, and the measure 
of that officer's power was fixed by the proprietary. The gov- 
ernor was advised and assisted by a council, also appointed by 
the proprietary. The Assembly was composed of an Upper and 
a Lower House. The Upper House was composed of the gov- 
ernor and his council, while the lower house consisted of the 
delegates of the people, representing counties instead of hun- 
dreds, as in the early days. There was a secretary who recorded 
the proceedings of the council, proclamations of the governor, 
and grants of land, and acted as clerk of the Upper House of 
Assembly. There were county courts, and there was a Provin- 
cial court, composed of members of the council and presided 
over by the governor, which tried the more important cases, and 
to which appeals might be taken from the county courts. The 
officers were mostly paid in fees, not in coin, but in tobacco. 
The powers granted to the proprietary seem to us dangerously 
large, yet they were seldom abused. 



MARYLAND BECOMES A ROYAL PROVINCE 49 

34. The Administration of Governor Fendall, and 

His Rebellion.— Before the final conclusion of peace with the 
Puritan rebels, Lord Baltimore appointed Josias Fendall governor 
of Maryland in place of Stone, perhaps because he had been very 
zealous in the proprietary's cause during the recent troubles. 
He also appointed his brother Philip Calvert secretary. The new 
governor at first seemed very active in the interest of the proprie- 
tary and the province. The Indians were threatening, and he at 
once organized the militia and put the province in a condition 
for defense. This brought the government into conflict with the 
Quakers, a sect who refused to fight even in self-defense. They 
also held other religious beliefs which brought them into con- 
flict with the civil government, such as their idea that it was 
wrong to take oaths of any kind. The Quakers were not, how- 
ever, very severely treated, and seem not to have been interfered 
with any more than was necessary for the enforcement of the 
laws. 

Fendall, who had worked so hard to establish the authority of 
the proprietary, soon engaged in a treacherous plan to overthrow 
it again. We feel no surprise that he should secure the help of 
the Assembly of 1660, when we know that three-fourths of its 
members were Puritans, among them our old acquaintance, Cap- 
tain William Fuller. His delegation consisted of seven mem- 
bers, instead of the four to which his county was entitled. The 
Lower House first declared itself the only lawful authority within 
the province, and refused to acknowledge the Upper House, 
whose members, they said, might sit with them if they chose. 
Fendall then surrendered his commission from Lord Baltimore 
and accepted another from the Assembly. The rebellion was 
completed by the passage of a law making it a crime for anybody 
to acknowledge Lord Baltimore's authority. When news of Fen- 
dall's Rebellion came to Lord Baltimore he acted promptly and 
decisively. Charles H was on the throne of England, and from 
him letters were obtained commanding all persons to acknowledge 



50 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

the authority of the proprietary, while the governor of Virginia 
was ordered to assist in restoring order if necessary. Philip Cal- 
vert was appointed governor, and on the arrival of his commis- 
sion the rebellion at once came to an end. Fendall was con- 
demned to banishment, with loss of his estates, but he finally 
escaped with a fine and loss of the right ever to vote or hold 
office. He lived to plot again against the government, and years 
later to be banished from the province. 

35. Charles Calvert Appointed Governor; Death of 
Cecilius and Character of His Successor. — Late in the 
year 1661, the proprietary sent out his so:i and heir, Charles 
Calvert, as governor. During this period there were contests 
between the two houses of Assembly which will be mentioned 
later. On the whole the colony greatly prospered during his 
administration. One source of much trouble was the production 
of too much tobacco, which occasioned much distress, as the 
tobacco (which, remember, was nearly the sole money of the 
province,) was naturally cheapened. The proprietary had some 
coins made and sent out to the province, but the plan seems not 
to have been very successful, as tobacco continued to be the 
chief currency. 

On the thirtieth day of November, 1675, Cecilius Calvert, 
second Lord Baltimore, and first proprietary of Maryland, died. 
He was pre-eminently the founder of Maryland, and a man of noble 
ideals, wise, just, patient, and unselfish, of whom Maryland may 
justly be proud. The second proprietary possessed far less 
of greatness than his father. He seems to have been less toler- 
ant, possessed of less tact and judgment, and perhaps not always 
so strictly just; his intentions may have been good, but he did 
not possess his father's extraordinary force of character, nor was 
he so liberal and public spirited. 

36. Loss of Territory — We must here interrupt the nar- 
rative of political events to notice serious losses of territory 
which Maryland suffered during the period now under considera- 
tion. In 1655, a settlement of the Swedes on the west bank of 



52 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

the Delaware River was seized by the Dutch, who had planted a 
colony on the present site of New York city. The captured terri- 
tory was divided into two parts, called Altona and New Amstel. 
The land over which the Dutch and Swedes were quarreling" did 
not belong to either, if English claims were good, for it was 
within the bounds of the province granted by the king of Eng- 
land to the proprietary of Maryland. Colonel Utie was sent out 
to notify the Dutch that they must either acknowledge the juris- 
diction of Maryland or leave. The Dutch governor then sert 
out representatives'' to confer with the governor of Maryland, 
but no settlement was reached, as neither side would give up 
anything and Maryland was not prepared to take forcible posses- 
sion. In 1664 the Dutch colony Vv'as conquered by an English 
fleet, and the king granted it to his brother James, Duke of 
York. The duke thereupon seized the settlements to thev;est of 
the Delaware also, which were within the limits of Maryland, 
and to which he had no right whatever. 

Now there was in England at this time a Quaker named Wil- 
liam Penn, to whom the king owed a very large sum of money, 
and this debt the king agreed to pay by giving to Penn a large 
tract of land to the west of the Delaware River. The Maryland 
charter fixed the parallel of forty degrees as the northern boundary 
of the province, and it was agreed that the southern boundary 
of Pennsylvania, as Penn's province was called, Should be a line 
just north of a fort that lay on the 40th parallel. When the 
charter was finally issued no mention was made of this fort, but 
Penn's southern boundary was to be run from a point twelve 
miles north of New Castle north-westward to meet the fortieth 
parallel, and then westward. Penn then sent a letter to some of 
the settlers in the northeast of Maryland telling them that they 
were now in his colony and must not pay any more taxes to 
Maryland, and concluded with a strong hint about his "power 



*One of these was Augustin Herrman, who later received a large gant of 
land from the proprietary in return for a map of the province. He and his 
family were naturalized in Kititi. 



MARYLAND BECOMES A ROYAL PROVINCE 53 

with his superiors." He refused to locate the fortieth parallel, 
and did his best to have a measurement made from Watkin's 
Point or some other point to the south. This, as he confessed 
was for the purpose of gaining several miles to each degree in 
order to have the head of the Chesapeake within his colony. He 
was a favorite of the Duke of York, and procured from him a grant 
on the western bank of the Delaware, not a foot of which the 
Duke owned or had the right to confer on anybody. In 1685, 
the Duke of York became King James II, and Penn had no 
difficulty in completing the theft of Maryland's territory. In the 
end the boundary of Pennsylvania was pushed southward to its 
present position, while on the east the present state of Delaware 
passed into Penn's hands. The king cared no more for right 
and justice than did Penn, and there was nothing for Maryland 
but to submit. 

37. Affairs in England. — In Section 22 we stopped with 
the accession of Charles II. The details of his reign do not 
concern us; it lasted until his death, in 1685, when he was suc- 
ceeded by the Duke of York as James II. James had not learned 
the lesson which his father's death should have taught him, and 
tried to destroy the liberties of his subjects. He was disliked by 
them also on account of his being a bigoted Catholic, and in 1688 
he was driven from his throne. He was succeeded by his daughter 
Mary, and her husband, William, Prince of Orange. 

How this change caused the overthrow of the proprietary gov- 
ernment of Maryland we have now to see. 

38. The Difficult Position of the Second Proprie= 
tary; Fear and Hatred of the Catholics. — Charles Cal- 
vert became proprietary of Maryland at a time peculiarly 
trying. He had numerous and industrious enemies both in 
America and in England. The Protestant inhabitants in Maryland 
were greatly in the majority, yet it was charged that they were 
persecuted by the Catholics and in actual danger. A minister 
named Yeo complained that there was no ministry established in 



54 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

Maryland, to which Baltimore responded that all forms of wor- 
ship were tolerated, and each sect supported its own ministers. 

To understand the events of this time you must realize and 
keep constantly in mind the cruel intolerance of the age, and 
the bitter hatred that existed between the Catholics and the 
Protestants. Toleration of Catholics seems to have been regarded 
by the Protestants as very much "like keeping on terms of polite 
familiarity with the devil." Moreover, the Catholics held cer- 
tain political notions which were regarded as highly dangerous, 
and this operated to create a fear and hatred of Catholic rule. It 
was assumed that if Spain or France or some other Catholic 
country should engage in a war with England, that the English 
Catholics would take part with the enemies of their country, and 
it was not an unusual thing to hear that the Catholics were stir- 
ring up the Indians to murder the Protestants. These and other 
charges equally absurd were entertained by many people, and as 
the country was not thickly settled and communication was 
slow and difficult it was not hard to alarm the people in one part 
with stories of what was going on in another. Hence no matter 
how wise and just the rule of a Catholic lord, his protestant sub- 
jects were certain to regard him with distrust, if not with dis- 
like. 

39. Other Causes of Discontent.— But there were not 
wanting other causes of dissatisfaction, for the proprietary's rule 
was not always strictly just, and certainly it was often unwise. 
After the arrival of Charles Calvert as governor, the chief offices 
of the government began to be filled with the relatives or inti- 
mate friends of the Calvert family. Persons marrying into the 
family in Maryland were nearly always appointed to an office 
and presently the council seemed to be only a "pleasant little 
family party." This naturally caused discontent among the peo- 
ple, and the further fact that most of these officers were Catho- 
lics tended greatly to increase the feeling of dissatisfaction. 

There were frequent conflicts between the two houses of 



MARYLAND BECOMES A ROYAL PROVINCE 55 

Assembly. (The Upper house, remember, was composed of 
the governor and council.) The Quakers asked to be excused 
from taking oaths when giving testimony; the Lower House 
granted the request but the Upper refused to agree. The sheriffs 
were appointed by the governor and were possessed of dangerous 
powers, and there was a struggle between the houses in which 
the delegates sought to place some check on these officers. It 
was charged against the proprietary, that taxes were illegally 
levied, and there was much discontent with changes which he 
made in the constitution of the Assembly. Many other ques- 
tions were subjects of dispute between the two Houses. Some- 
times the delegates were wrong, but often they were right and 
firm in urging their claims. Yet in spite of all this dispute we 
find the Assembly voting the proprietary a gift of 100,000 
pounds of tobacco, in token of their "gratitude, duty and affec- 
tion," which he declined as being too heavy a tax for the people of 
the province. 

40. Murder of the King's Collectors. — The king's collec- 
tors of the custom house duties "were apt to behave themselves 
like enemies of the human race." Much ill-feeling 
existed between them and the Maryland government. They 
charged the proprietary with interfering with the performance 
of their duties and thus reducing the amount of their collections; 
as a result Lord Baltimore was heavily fined by the king. 

One of the collectors engaged in this affair was Christopher 
Rousby, who was unusually offensive in the performance of his 
duties and was accused of being a great rogue as well. In 1684 
a vessel belonging to the royal navy lay in the harbor of St. 
Mary's. George Talbot, a relative of the proprietary, went on 
board and became engaged in a quarrel with this Rousby, which 
ended by Talbot's drawing a dagger and plunging it into 
Rousby's heart. The captain of the ship at once had him seized 
and placed in irons, and refusing to allow him to be tried in 
Maryland, by a court of his relatives, carried him off to Virginia. 



56 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

Here he was imprisoned and in imminent danger of losing his 
life, or having to pay to the greedy governor his whole fortune as 
a bribe. But his brave and devoted wife, setting out from her 
home on the Susquehanna river one dark winter's 'night, sailed 
down the Chesapeake bay to his rescue in a small skiff, accom- 
panied only by two faithful followers. The courageous lady 
managed to free her husband and carry him off safe and sound, 
and after more difficulties he was finally pardoned by the king. 

The affair, however, was decidedly unfavorable to the cause of 
Lord Baltimore Another collector was afterwards killed in the 
province, and although this occurred in a private fight and the 
offenders where punished, the effect was certainly harmful. 

41. The Protestant Revolution (1689), By which 
Maryland Became a Royal Province. — When William 
and Mary came to the throne of England (See Sec. 37), Calvert 
sent word at once to have them proclaimed, or publicly named 
as lawful sovereigns, in Maryland. Unfortunately, the messenger 
died on the way, and before a second could arrive the palatinate 
was overthrown. When the other English colonies proclaimed 
William and Mary and the Maryland government remained silent 
there was much discontent, and presently there was formed an 
"Association in Arms for the Defense of the Protestant Religion, 
and for asserting the right of King William and Queen Mary to 
the Province of Maryland and all the English Dominions." At 
the head of this Association was John Coode, a man who had al- 
ready been tried for plotting against the government of Lord 
Baltimore and who in the future was to rebel against the very 
government he was now working to establish. He was a thor- 
oughly bad character, and according to Professor Browne "seems 
to have renounced religion, morality and even common de- 
cency." Owing to the causes already mentioned there were 
doubtless many persons dissatisfied with the proprietary govern- 
ment. There were many who desired to escape from Catholic 
control and many who favored the cause of William and Mary and 



MARYLAND BECOMES A ROYAL PROVINCE 57 

were offended because the latter were not proclaimed in Mary- 
land. In this way Coode managed to gather a large body of fol- 
lowers, and leading a force against St. Mary's he captured it. He 
then detained all ships bound for England until he had prepared 
a letter to the king, in which he claimed to have acted for the 
purpose of securing King William's right and the protection 
of the Potestants, and urged the king to take the government of 
Maryland into his own hands. 

The king decided to do as he was asked and, in March, 1691, 
he commissioned Sir Lionel Copley the first royal governor of 
Maryland, without waiting for a decision against the charter 
in the courts. Although the proprietary was stripped of his 
authority as a ruler, his rights as a land-owner were respected 
and he was allowed to retain his quit-rents and ownership of un- 
occupied land. Lord Baltimore thus became a mere landlord, 
instead of a nearly independent monarch; while Maryland lost 
her position of freedom, and became subject to the control of 
the English king. 

42. The Royal Government; Religious Intolerance 
and an Established Church. — "The thongs of their shield, 
their charter, chafed the arms of the colonists, and they knew not 
from what blows and wounds it protected them, until they had 
thrown it away." Having once thrown it away, however, they 
were not long in discovering from what it had protected them. 
The first act of the 'Assembly called by Governor Copley was to 
thank the king for saving them "from the arbitrary will and 
pleasure of a tyrannical Popish government under which they had 
long groaned." They then proceeded to see that some other 
people should have occasion to groan. 

The Church of England, the Protestant Episcopal, was estab- 
lished by law, and everybody was taxed for its support, whether he 
believed in its form of worship or not. Moreover, the rich and 
the poor paid the same amount, an unjust plan which was so bitterly 
resented, that even at the present day the Maryland Declaration 



58 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

of Rights declares that "the levying of taxes by the poll is 
grievous and oppressive." (Art. 15). Only a few of the people 
were Episcopalians, and the Puritans who had so earnestly la- 
bored to rid themselves of the "tyrannical Popish government" 
must have felt that they had rid themselves of altogether too 
much. To make matters as bad as possible, even under these 
circumstances, many of the Episcopal clerygmen were soon 
noted as very corrupt men, some of whom were shameless gam- 
blers and drunkards. This was because they were not responsi- 
ble to the people, and is, of course, no reflection on the Episco- 
pal church. Savage laws were passed against the Catholics; no 
Catholic priest was permitted to perform his service, no Catho- 
lic might take children to educate under penalty of imprison- 
ment for life, and if a Catholic youth on coming of age was not 
willing to take certain oaths (which no conscientious Catholic 
could take), his property was to be taken and given to his near- 
est Protestant relation. Protestant dissenters, or those who did 
not worship according to the established church, were, after a 
time, allowed to have separate houses of worship, and priests 
were allowed to conduct service in private houses; but everybody 
had to pay the tax for the support of the Episcopal church. 

43. Removal of the Capital to Annapolis. — King 
William's School. — Sir Lionel Copely died shortly after his 
arrival in Maryland and was succeeded by Francis Nicholson. 
After his arrival in 1694, he summoned the Assembly to meet at 
Anne Arundel Town, later called Annapolis, and here the capital 
was permanently fixed. The people of St. Mary's were grieved 
and indignant, and sent an humble petition to the Assembly to re- 
consider the matter. They received only a coarse and scornful 
refusal. The situation of Annapolis was much more convenient, 
but it was certainly unnecessary to address insulting language 
to the unfortunate people of St. Mary's. The removal of the 
capital proved a death blow to the first city of Maryland; it 
dwindled away until little more than the name was left. 



MARYLAND BECOMES A ROYAL PROVINCE 



59 



Governor Nicholson was noted for his zeal in the cause of edu- 
cation, and in the year 1696 he succeeded in founding King 
William's School at Annapolis, himself contributing liberally for 

that purpose. _,,_,. _, 

44. The Province Re= 

stored to the Cal verts. — 

During all this time Charles 
Calvert remained in England, 
secure m the enjoyment of 
his private rights, but de- 
prived entirely of the rights 
as a ruler conferred by his 
charter. His son and heir, 
Benedict Leonard, perceiving 
that the misfortunes of his 
father had come upon him as 
a result of his fidelity to his 
religion, decided in his own 
case to sacrifice his religion 
for his province, and publicly 
renounced the faith of his 
father and became a member 
CHARLES CALVERT FIFTH LORD BALTIMORE of the Church of England. 

FROM A PHOTOGRAPH OF A PAINTING IN THE GALLERY ,^, . „». U„ „ U„„„ « KW+af 

OF THE MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY This must havc bccu a bittcr 

blow to his father, who died soon afterward. The plea that the 
government of Maryland was not safe in Catholic hands could 
now no longer be urged, and in 1715, with the death of Charles, 
the government of Maryland passed again into the hands of the 
Calverts. Benedict Leonard lived barely six weeks after the 
death of his father, but his young son, Charles, was acknowledged 
as fourth proprietary of Maryland and the period of royal govern- 
ment came to an end. 

45. State of Society; Manners, Customs, and Charac= 
ter of the People. — The life of a people is determined to a 




60 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

very great degree by the geography of the country they inhabit, 
and this fact is remarkably well illustrated in the case of Mary- 
land. The soil was very fertile and invited cultivation, the for- 
ests and streams abounded in game and fish, while the magnifi- 
cent expanse of the Chesapeake bay, with its numberless inlets 
and navigable rivers, made communication easy. Thus towns 
were not needed and none were built. St. Mary's and Annapolis 
were simply places of meeting for the courts and for the transac- 
tion of public business, and they refused to grow. St. Mary's 
never contained more than fifty or sixty houses, and even these 
were much scattered. Mary- 
land was thus wholly agri- 
cultural. Land was granted 
in large tracts, seldom less 
than fifty acres and often 
embracing several thousands, 
and the owners, called 
planters, were engaged 

. " TOBACCO HOGSHEAD READY FOR ROLLING 

Cnieny in t n e CUltlVa- fhom a photograph of model in the national 

.;„„ „r t„U A/r i MUSEUM AT WASHINGTON 

tion 01 tobacco. Most 

of the plantations bordered on the water, and each planter 
had his own "landing" or wharf, where vessels stopped to load 
his tobacco. In return for the tobacco the planters received 
wine, sugar, or salt fish; furniture or tools; or some other neces- 
saries or luxuries, which had to be imported, for there were no 
manufactures in the province. If the planter lived at a distance 
from the water's edge he brought down his tobacco over a "rol- 
ling road," that is, an axle was fitted to the tobacco hogshead, 
thus making it both cart and load, a horse or an ox attached, and 
the tobacco thus drawn over a rough road to the landing. 

Many of the houses were built of logs, but the richer planters 
built substantial houses of brown or chocolate colored bricks. 
These bricks were not brought from England as has been supposed 
by many persons, but were made close at hand. On the Eastern 




MARYLAND BECOMES A ROYAL PROVINCE 



61 



Shore, near the old brick houses, we can still find sometimes 
shallow pits from which clay was taken, and the remains of an 
old kiln near by. Food was at hand in unlimited quantities: 
the forests swarmed with deer, turkeys, and other wild creatures 
and the rivers and creeks were frequented by millions of ducks 
and geese; while fish and oysters could be taken by the boat-load. 
Large numbers of hogs were allowed to run wild, each bearing its 
owner's mark. Little wheat was grown, but there was plenty of 
corn from which was made an abundance of hominy, hoe-cake 
and pone. The corn was still pounded, as a rule, in mortars of 
wood, mills being very rare. 




THE MURRAY HOUSE, Anne Arundel County, Md.* 

The larger planters had more servants and lived in greater style 
than their less fortunate neighbors, though it could hardly be 
said they had more money, for tobacco was practically the only cur- 
rency. Gifts, fees, and quit-rents were paid to the proprietary in 

♦Built in 1743. 



62 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

tobacco; the governor and other officers received a salary in to- 
bacco; fines were paid in tobacco; and so were wages of all kinds 
and the salaries of clergymen. A man's wealth was estimated in 
pounds of tobacco, and whether he bought food and clothing or 
paid a marriage fee tobacco was the money used. Servants were 
of several kinds. Negro slaves had early been introduced into 
the colony, but up to this time not a great many were held. 
Many white persons were held to service in the following way: 
If a person wanted to come out to America but did not have the 
money necessary to pay his passage, he might agree with the cap- 
tain of the vessel to give a term of service instead. On the ar- 
rival of the vessel the captain sold the services of these persons 
to one of the colonists for a certain time, — two, three, or four 
years. These persons were called "redemptioners," or indented 
servants. Their treatment was usually good, and at the end of 
their term of service they received clothing and provisions, with 
a farm of fifty acres. Of a less desirable character were the con- 
victed criminals, many of whom were sent out to the colonies by 
the English government. Here they were sold to a master and 
compelled to work for a term of years, generally seven or four- 
teen. Some of these were merely political offenders, but others 
were of very bad character, and the colonies frequently protested, 
though in vain, against the coming of this undesirable class of 
immigrants. 

The people seem to have been of a shrewd and thoughtful 
character, though few were well educated and there were as yet 
no newspapers in the province. In disposition they were in- 
clined to be mild rather than hard or cruel. Few crimes of a 
serious nature are recorded. The laws of England at this time 
were very severe; for instance, if a mother stole food for her 
starving children, and its value exceeded a shilling, she incurred 
the penalty of death. The pillory and stocks were in constant 
use. These savage English laws were generally in force, but 
the sentences under them were rarely executed. Our milder 



MARYLAND BECOMES A ROYAL PROVINCE 63 

people usually modified the more severe ones. It was regarded 
as a serious crime for a servant to run away from his master, or 
to "steal himself," the penalty being death or an extra period of 
servitude. We read of a Susan Frizell, who ran away from her 
master and mistress and so got herself sentenced to an extra term 
of serivce, yet when she complained bitterly of her hard treat- 
ment the judges pitied her and declared that she should be set 
free. In justice, however, her master m.ust be paid 500 pounds 
of tobacco. Several kind gentlemen who were present then sub- 
scribed 600 pounds of tobacco to prevent poor Susan from serv- 
ijig another master for this amount, so that she found herself "a 
free woman, with 100 pounds of tobacco, so to speak, in her 
pocket." The people of Maryland were noted also for their 
boundless hospitality. Guests were always gladly received and 
royally entertained. Travel was difficult, for the roads were 
wretchedly poor and there were few carriages, travellers being 
compelled to proceed on horseback over mere paths. 

TOPICS AND QUESTIONS 

33. The Maryland Constitution. 

The government of Maryland to 1658 characterized by change and 

experiment ; Cause of these characteristics. 
The government permanently organized in 1658. 
State the duties of the proprietary. The povv'ers and duties of 

the Governor, and those of the Secretary. 
Describe the organization of the Assembly; the judicial system. 

34. The Administration of Governor Fendall, and His Rebellion. 

Josias Fendall succeeds Stone as Governor. 

Difficulty with the Quakers, and its cause. 

Fendall's Rebellion. 

PhiJip Calvert appointed Governor ; end of the rebellion. 

35. Charles Calvert Appointed Governor ; Death of Cecilius and Char- 

acter of His Successor. 

Overproduction of tobacco; The proprietary fails in his effort to 

relieve the situation by circulating coin. 
Death of Cecilius Calvert ; his high character. 
Character of Charles Calvert, second proprietary. 



64 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

36. Loss of Territory. 

The Swedes and Dutch in Maryland. 

The Dutch colonies seized by the Duke of York. 

William Penn and his schemes. 

He succeeds in depriving Maryland of much valuable territory. 

37. Affairs in England. 

James II. is deposed and succeeded by William and Mary. 

38. The Difficult Position of the Second Proprietary ; Fear and Hatred 

of the Catholics. 

What made Lord Baltimore's position difficult ? 

Absurd charges against the Catholics believed by the people. 

His religion the most serious difficulty of Lord Baltimore. 

39. Other Causes of Discontent. 

Members of the Calvert family hold the chief offices. 
Controversies between the two Houses of Assembly. 

40. Murder of the King's Collectors. 

Ill feeling between the collectors and the Maryland government. 

The murder of Collector Rousby. 

Effects of the murder of the king's collectors. 

41. The Protestant Revolution (1689) by which Maryland became a 

Royal Province. 
Why were William and Mary not proclaimed? 
Formation of the Protestant Association. 

Who was president of the Association and what was his character? 
With what success did the Revolution meet ? 
Mention the probable causes of the Protestant Revolution. 
What was the effect of the Revolution on the position of Lord 

Baltimore ? 

42. The Royal Government ; Religious Intolerance and the Established 

Church. 
The Protestant Episcopal Church established, and everybody taxed 
for its support. Persecution of the Catholics. 

43. Removal of the Capital to Annapolis. — King William's School. 

Francis Nicholson appointed governor. 

He removes the capital to Annapolis and founds there King Wil- 
liam's school. 
The fate of St. Mary's. 

44. The Province Restored to the Calverts. 

How was Maryland restored to the Calverts ? 

Death of Charles Calvert and succession of Benedict Leonard. 

Succession of Charles, fifth baron and fourth proprietary. 



MARYLAND BECOMES A ROYAL PROVINCE 65 

45. State of Society; Manners, Customs, and Character of the People. 
Show how the physical geography of Maryland affected the life 

of the people. 
What was the chief occupation of the people? 
How did the planters sell their tobacco and obtain their supplies ? 
Describe the houses of this period. 
Tell what you can about the food of the people. 
Describe the money in use. 

Tell about the different kinds of servants held. 
Generally speaking, what was the character of the Maryland peo- 
ple at the rad of the Seventeenth Century? 
QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND RESEARCH. 

1. How many of the functions of government were united in the 

governor's council? Show how the powers of the proprietary were 
dangerously large. Name the particulars in which you think the 
form of government in Maryland in 1658 was good, and those in 
which it was bad, and give reasons for your opinion. 

2. What do you think was the probable aim of Fendall in overthrow- 

ing the proprietary government ? What fact is shown by the 
prompt collapse of the rebellion? Was it wise to spare the lives 
of Fendall and Fuller ? 

3. What political opinions of the Catholics were considered dangerous ? 

4. Find the meaning of "nepotism. " Is it a fault ? Was Charles Cal- 

vert's policy in this respect right? Was it wise? Are Quakers 
excused from taking oaths at the present time? What did the 
contests between the Houses of Assembly show about the spirit 
of the people ? 

5. Explain as fully as you can, the causes of the Protestant Revolu- 

tion. What just causes of complaint were there against the proprie- 
tary government ? What charges were groundless ? 

6. Compare the condition of the people under the royal government 

with their condition under the proprietary ; was the change to 
their advantage ? 

7. What effects has a system of slavery on the masters ? On the 

slaves ? What reasons can be urged for and against the system of 
indenting servants which prevailed in the colonial days? Was 
it to the advantage of the colonies ? 
References 

Browne's 3/(7;-i7<7«</, pp. 90-202. Browne's Calverls. pp. 160-175. Fiske's Old 
Vhg'nia and Ber Xeighbors. Vol T., pp. loH-169. Sparks' Causes of the Maryland 
Revolution oj ibSg. (Johns Hopkins University Studies in History and Poiilics, 
Fourteenth Series, xi-xii.) Mereness' Maryland as a Proprietary Province. — 
See index for topics desired. 



CHAPTER V 

The Province Becomes an Independent State 

46. Effects of the Royal Government. — The royal gov- 
ernment had now come to an end and the control was again in 
the hands of Calvert, but you are not to suppose that the propri- 
etary government after its restoration was like the rule of Cecilius 
or Charles. In name it was indentical, and constitutionally it was 
the same, but conditions had changed vastly, and in reality the char- 
acter of the proprietary government had changed with them. 
Religious toleration was not restored, and the people were still 
taxed for the support of the Episcopal church. The new propri- 
etary was a Protestant, dependent upon the favor of a Protestant 
king, and there was thus no great religious barrier between him 
and the majority of his people. The colonists were no longer 
divided into classes, friendly and unfriendly to the proprietary, 
and the change was in many respects merely a change in name. 
The revolution of 1689 had given a new character to Maryland 
history, and it was a change that had come to stay for the life of 
the province. 

One of the last acts of the royal government was also one of the 
best. The laws of the province, many of which had been enacted 
for limited times, while alterations and amendments had frequently 
taken place, had fallen into great confusion. By the Assembly 
of 1715 a complete revision was made and a copy of the body of 
laws thus made sent to each county. So well was this work done 
that it laid the foundations of legislation that has lasted almost 
to the present day. 

47. Demanding the Privileges of Englishmen; the 
Founding of Baltimore; Coming of the Germans. — The 
rule of the fourth proprietary was, on the whole, mild and just. 
The royal governor. Hart, was continued in office for a time. He 
was succeeded in turn by Charles Calvert, probably a relative of the 



_ 03 

2 > 

m g 

;: o 




68 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

proprietary, and Benedict Leonard Calvert, brother of the proprie- 
tary. The latter was succeeded, on his resignation in 1731, by 
Samuel Ogle. Lord Baltimore was present and governed personally 
from December, 1732, to June, 1733. The period was one of 
peace and prosperity, but was marked by struggles between the 
two houses of Assembly, the lower house jealously guarding the 
rights and liberties of the people. Highly significant was the 
determined stand made by the people and their representatives in 
Maryland for all the rights and privileges of the people of England, 
in particular their contention that Maryland was entitled to the 
benefit of the common and statute law of England. This was 
undoubtedly one of the far-off beginnings of the American 
Revolution. 

The most important event of this period was the founding of 
the city of Baltimore. The slow growth of towns in the early 
times has already been mentioned. The Assembly found it use- 
less to lay off towns and invest them with privileges; people 
would not buy the lots and build houses and so there were no 
towns. For ninety years the only real towns of the province were 
St. Mary's and Annapolis. Joppa, on the Gunpowder river, flour- 
ished for fifty years, and then dwindled away to "a solitary house 
and a grass-grown graveyard." Baltimore's success was Joppa's 
ruin. Three towns named Baltimore are mentioned before the 
founding of Baltimore on the Patapsco. There was a Baltimore 
on the Bush river, Baltimore county, in 1683, another in Dorchester 
county, in 1693, and a third in St. Mary's County. 

The planters about the Patapsco being in need of a port, the 
Assembly passed an act in 1729 for the purchase of the necessary 
land, which was bought of Daniel and Charles Carroll. Settlers 
immediately took up the land bordering on the water. The city 
is possessed of an excellent harbor, and although its growth for 
several years was very slow, it has now come to be a leading sea- 
port and one of the largest cities in the Union. 



70 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

Important in the upbuilding of Baltimore were the Germans, 
who settled in Maryland in the first half of the eighteenth century. 
The majority of the Germans "drifted down" from Pennsylvania, 
but many came directly from Germany. In 1732 Lord Baltimore 
offered very liberal terms to settlers in Western Maryland, and 
many Germans, with some others, took advantage of the offer. 
In 1735 about one hundred families came over from Germany, 
under the leadership of Thomas Schley, progenitor of the promi- 
nent families of Maryland and Georgia. The Germans continued 
to come, both from Germany and Pennsylvania, many settling 
in Baltimore city and county, but more in the western counties. 
In 1745 the Germans founded Frederick, named either for Fred- 
erick Calvert or for the heir-apparent to the English throne. In 
1762 Hagerstown was laid out by Jonathan Hager, the town being 
called Elizabeth at fu-st, in honor of Hager's wife. These Ger- 
mans were thrifty and industrious people; their mechanics were 
skillful, as a rule, and their merchants or traders enterprising and 
successful. The first care of the Germans when they settled a 
new community was a school house, and their next, a church. 
They have contributed a very valuable element to the population 
of Maryland. 

Scotch-Irish immigrants also contributed to the population of 
Western Mayland. 

48. Mason and Dixon's Line; Further Loss of Terri= 
tory. — How Maryland lost much valuable territory through the 
schemes of William Penn has already been related (see Sec. 36). 
The wicked decision by which, in 1685, Penn gained part of the 
Eastern Shore of Maryland (Delaware), settled the eastern boun- 
dary, but the northern boundary was not at that time established. 
There was no conflict between the charters, as both named the 
fortieth paralled as the boundary; but Penn would never agree to 
running a line as the charters had fixed it. Penn died in 1718, 
but his sons succeeded to his designs, and "by some unexplained 
means obtained from Charles, Lord Baltimore, in 1732, a written 



THE PROVINCE BECOMES AN INDEPENDENT STATE 71 

agreement by which he yielded all that they demanded, and pre- 
sented them with two and a half millions of acres of territory to 
which they had not even the shadow of a claim."* 

Before long, however, Lord Baltimore seems to have discov- 
ered his costly mistake, and to have made some effort to save 
himself. The unsettled state of affairs naturally led to a border 
warfare between the settlers in the disputed territory. In the 





FIVE-MILE STONE, MASON AND DIXON'S LiNfe. 

FROM PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE ORIGINAL, IN POSSESSION OF THE MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY 

course of these affrays men were roughly treated and imprisoned, 
houses were burned, and some lives were lost. One bold Marylander 
who took a leading part in the contests was Thomas Cresap. 
The Pennsylvanians hated him accordingly, and a party of 
them burned his house and carried bim off to jail in Philadel- 
phia, where he taunted them by exclaiming, "Why, this is the 

♦WiUiara Hand Browne's Marvland: The History of a Palatinate, p. 212. 



72 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

finest city in the province of Maryland!" The dispute after a 
while became so dangerous that it was necessary for the king to 
issue an order for the parties to keep the peace until a decision 
was reached in the English courts. 

A settlement was not reached until 1760, when Charles Calvert 
was compelled to carry out the agreement of 1732. On the east 
the line ran from a point midway between Cape Henlopen and 
Chesapeake bay until it touched a circle of twelve miles radius 
drawn from New Castle as a center, then north to a point fifteen 
miles south of Philadelphia, and from thence due west. Even 
then, the Penns managed to run the line from "False Cape," 
23 miles south of the true Cape Henlopen. The boundary line 
between Maryland and Pennsylvania was finally established in 
1763-1767 by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, two noted 
English mathematicians. Mile-stones were set up as the survey- 
ors proceeded, and on every fifth stone were placed the arms of 
Lord Baltimore and those of the Penns, on the proper sides. 
This line was then called Mason and Dixon's Line, and became 
celebrated as the boundary line between the Northern and South- 
ern sections of the United States, — before the Civil War the 
dividing line between the free and the slave states. 

It will be remembered that according to the charter of Mary- 
land the boundary line ran along the south bank of the Potomac 
river to its source, and thence northward to the fortieth parallel. 
In the early days it was not certain whether the source was at the 
head of the north or of the south branch, and after the south branch 
was proved to be the true source the question of the control of the 
territory remained in dispute. Virginia claimed as far as the 
northern branch, and finally, in 1852, the Maryland Assembly, 
for some reason, gave up Maryland's claims, thus sacrificing about 
half a million acres of fertile land on the south and west, to which 
the state was undoubtedly entitled. 

49. Frederick Calvert Becomes Fifth Proprietary. — 
In 1751 Charles Calvert, fifth Lord Baltimore and fourth 



THE PROVINCE BECOMES AN INDEPENDENT STATE 73 

proprietary of Maryland, died and was succeeded by his son 
Frederick, the sixth and last of the Barons of Baltimore. Frederick 
was a man of exceedingly bad character. He was selfish and 
guilty of some of the worst vices, and seemed to care nothing of 
his province except to get all the money out of it that he possibly 
could for the enjoyment of his selfish and immoral pleasures. He 
never visited Maryland. 

50. Wars with the French; the English Gain Control 
of North America. — The English were not in undisturbed 
possession of North America. The colonies of the English ex- 
tended in a long line down the Atlantic coast, but the vast region 
along the St. Lawrence river, the Great Lakes and the Mississippi 
river had been to some extent explored and settled by the French. 
This territory the French took vigorous measures to retain. But 
the English laid claim to the whole of the continent, by virtue 
of the explorations of Cabot, who sailed along the Atlantic coast 
in 1497, and again in 1498. The natural result of the jealousy 
thus aroused was a great struggle between the English and the 
French, to determine which should be the masters of this conti- 
nent. The first of the four wars that followed was King William's 
War, which broke out when William became king of England, 
and took his name. Then followed in succession Queen Anne's 
War and King George's War, named from the reigning sovereigns 
of England. In these struggles Maryland was not much involved, 
beyond requests for money to help to carry on the war in other 
parts of the continent. But we now come to the final struggle 
for the possession of the great prize, which lasted from 1754 to 
1763.* 

King George's War ended in 1748, but the peace was recog- 
nized as a mere truce, preceding the decisive conflict. The 
French erected forts and prepared themselves energetically. The 
English, especially in Maryland and Virginia, cast longing eyes 

* War was not formally declared until 1756. after two years of fighting. 



74 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

across the Alleghany mountains, and presently the Ohio Company 
was formed for the purpose of colonizing the country along the 
Ohio river. At the point where the Alleghany and Monongahela 
unite to form the Ohio, called the Gateway of the West, the Eng- 
lish began the construction of a fort, but a stronger party of French 
drove them off and erected a fort for themselves which they called 
Fort Duquesne. On the way to strengthen the English at this very 
time was a party of Virginia troops under George Washington, 
then only twenty-one years of age, but destined, incoming years, 
to play the most important part in American history. 

When matters began to grow serious, a force was sent over from 
England under General Braddock, an able and experienced officer. 
Both the English and the French made use of Indian allies, par- 
ticularly the French. The war, indeed, is known as the French 
and Indian War. The Indians did not fight in open field like 
Europeans, but delighted to surprise an enemy from ambush and 
shoot down men while they themselves were concealed by trees 
and rocks. But the most terrible feature of Indian wars was the 
murder of families taking no direct part in the contest. Men, 
women, and children were not only murdered but tortured with the 
most horrible cruelty. Now Braddock, in spite of his skill, knew 
nothing of Indian methods of fighting, and thought that while 
they beat the colonial troops, they could be no match for his own 
disciplined soldiers. He accordingly marched through western 
Maryland, directly on Fort Duquesne, rejecting with scorn the 
advice of Washington and others, and refused to allow rangers 
and scouts to go in advance to prevent surprise. When a short 
distance from the fort a murderous fire was suddenly poured into 
his troops by a hidden foe — he had fallen into an Indian ambush. 
Such warfare was new to the king's troops and they huddled 
together like sheep to be shot down in scores. Braddock was 
mortally wounded, and the remnant of the army was brought off 
through the skill of Washington. 



THE PROVINCE BECOMES AN INDEPENDENT STATE 75 

The frontier was now left exposed, and the savages swept down 
upon scattered homes, burning houses, murdering the inhabitants, 
and torturing and mangling horribly, without regard to age or sex. 
The panic extended even to the Chesapeake bay. Horatio Sharpe, 
an able and energetic man, had been governor of IVfaryland since 
1753. When the news of Braddock's defeat reached Annapolis, 
Sharpe hurried at once to Fort Cumberland (on the present site of 
Cumberland city), where he found all in confusion and alarm. 
The governor did his best to encourage the frightened people; 
he caused a line of stockades, or small forts to be built, and later 
a strong stone fort called Fort Frederick, near the site of the 
present town of Hancock. Fort Cumberland was too far west to 
afford much protection. Order was gradually restored, while the 
war was fought out in the north, but Indian outrages were long 
continued west of the Blue Ridge. The great strongholds of the 
French were captured, and the war ended in complete victory 
for the English. Peace was concluded in 1763 by the treaty of 
Paris, and France gave up to England all territory east of the 
Mississippi river. 

51. Governor Sharpe and the Assemblies.— During the 
French and Indian War there were many sharp disputes between 
the governor and the Lower House of Assembly. The Lower House 
resisted the demands of the king and insisted that the proprietary 
should pay a share in the expenses for the defense of the province 
by paying taxes on his estates. This was of course resisted by 
the governor, who was bound to protect the interests of the pro- 
prietary, but after a severe struggle he was obliged to yield. 
This shows the independent spirit of the people, though it must be 
acknowledged that the delegates seemed to grudge the expenditure 
of money in any cause, and so stubborn a stand as they took for this 
principle can scarcely be justified when we remember that it was 
at the cost of the lives of the people. At one time, indeed, the 
angry settlers of Frederick county threatened to march on An- 
napolis and compel the Assembly to vote supplies. While we 



76 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

honor their defense of the rights of the people, therefore, we can- 
not but regret that they should have displayed such meanness 
and obstinacy. 

52. England's Oppressions, and Growth of the Spirit of 
Freedom. — At this time the king of England was George III, 
a man of singular narrowness and obstinacy. Hard laws had long 
been in force, by which the commerce of the American colonies 
was seriously interfered with and manufactures repressed. In a 
\vord, the colonies were governed with no regard for their own 
v/elfare, but only with a view to the advantage of the mother 
country. But the colonists were always a sturdy and liberty-loving 
people, willing to give up none of their rights as Englishmen, 
and the result of the various oppressions of the mother country 
had been the growth for a strong sentiment for freedom and a 
determination firmly to maintain their rights. 

When the French wars were over, the king and Parliament 
declared that the resulting advantages went to the Americans, 
and that they ought to pay a share of the enormous expenses that 
had been incurred. The colonies had paid a share, for during 
the progress of the wars they had furnished men, money, and sup- 
plies, and had suffered heavy losses of life and property. Yet it 
v/as not this so much that the Americans urged as the fact that 
the manner of raising the money was illegal and oppressive. It 
was claimed that when Parliament imposed taxes on the Ameri- 
can colonies it violated a right of Englishmen that had been 
acknowledged for centuries: that they could be taxed only by their 
own representatives. This principle had prevailed in the colonies 
from the earliest times, where taxes were imposed by the Assem- 
blies, composed of the representatives of the people ; the colonies 
had no representatives in Parliament. The position of Maryland 
was particularly strong, since her charter expressly exempted her 
from taxation by the English king, which was construed to mean 
the English government. 



pu*« .-JMaLJi.i ■ 



yj S S O C I - 

O . T B 8 R R F I 

M A R Y T 



T 










ASSOCIATION OF FREEMEN 

FROM A PHOTOGRAPH OF ORIGINAL IN THE STATE HOUSE AT ANNAPOLIS 



78 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

53. The Stamp Act; Maryland Asserts Her Rights. 

— But the English government was determined to raise a tax in 
America and accordingly, in March, 1765, Parliament passed 
the lamous Stamp Act. This required that stamps, issued by the 
British Government, should be bought and placed on all legal and 
business documents and newspapers. Everywhere throughout 
the colonies the highest excitement and indignation prevailed, 
and it was determined never to use the stamps. When Hood, 
the stamp distributor for Maryland, arrived, considerably more 
attention was bestowed upon him than he found agreeable. In 
several places his effigy was whipped, hanged and burned, his house 
in Annapolis was torn down and he himself obliged to flee from 
the province. When the British ship Hawke arrived, bearing 
the stamps, the governor did not dare to have them landed. 

When the Assembly met, resolutions were drawn up and unani- 
mously passed, in which the rights of the people of Maryland were 
emphatically asserted. It was declared that the first settlers of 
Maryland had brought with them from England and transmitted to 
their children all the rights and privileges possessed by the people 
of Great Britain, and it was, moreover, pointed out that these 
rights were expressly preserved to them in their charter, together 
with exemption from taxation by the king. They further declared 
that the right to impose taxes upon the people of Maryland rested 
with the Assembly, and that any tax imposed by any other authority 
was a violation of their rights. 

When the time came for the Stamp Act to go into operation, 
the court of Frederick county''' boldly declared that its business 
should be carried on without stamps, and other courts soon fol- 
lowed the example. Throughout the colonies the same fierce 
resentment was shown against the Stamp Act. Associations 
called the Sons of Liberty were formed and the people generally, 
refused to use the stamps. Under these circumstances Parliament 



*In commemoration of this event November 2^5 is now celebrated (as a bank 
half holiday) iu Frederick county, as "Repudiation Day." 



THE PROVINCE BECOMES AN INDEPENDENT STATE 79 

wisely repealed the Stamp Act, and for the moment the colonists 
went wild with joy. 

54. Parliament Again Taxes America. — The joy was 

short lived. The very next year a bill was passed by Parliament 
laying a tax on tea, glass, paper, and other articles when brought 
into American ports. Custom house officers were empowered to 
enter private houses at their pleasure in search of smuggled goods. 
This act aroused a fiercer opposition, if possible, than the Stamp 
Act. Associations were formed whose members bound themselves 
not to import the taxed goods. The Associators were careful to 
allow no forbidden goods to land, and in at least one case sent an 
English vessel away from Annapolis with all her cargo. 

The Assembly of Massachusetts sent a circular letter to the 
Assemblies of the other colonies, inviting them to take measures 
for resisting England's violation of their liberties. Governor 
Sharpe asked the Maryland Assembly to treat the letter "with 
the contempt that it deserves." The delegates replied sharply, 
declaring that they would not be frightened by a few "sounding 
expressions" from doing what was right. They further told the 
governor that it was not their present business to tell him what they 
intended to do, and added, "Whenever we apprehend the rights of 
the people to be affected, we shall not fail boldly to assert, and 
steadily to endeavor to maintain them." The Assembly then 
prepared a bold and manly, but respectful address to the king, and 
returned a favorable answer to the letter of the Massachusetts 
Assembly. 

55. Governor Eden; Death of Frederick Calvert. 
— Governor Sharpe was succeeded in June, 1769 by Sir Robert 
Eden, the last proprietary governor of Maryland. The new gov- 
ernor, who was a brother-in-law of the proprietary, was a man of 
worthy character and pleasing manners, and he succeeded in win- 
ning the respect and to some extent the affection of the people 
of Maryland. But the spirit of the people was thoroughly 
aroused, and the governor was too prudent to offer much resist- 
ance. 



80 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

Frederick Calvert, the last Lord Baltimore, died in 1771. By 
the will of his father the province fell to his sister, Louisa 
Browning; but Frederick left a will himself, by which he made 
an illegitimate son, Henry Harford, proprietary of Maryland. 
The latter is usually recognized as the sixth proprietary, but 
there was a suit in the English Court of Chancery, and before a 
decision was reached, Maryland had become an independent state. 

56. The Debate between Charles Carroll, of Car= 
rollton, and Daniel Dulany. — The new governor was scarcely 
seated before he met with opposition. There was a heated dis- 
pute between the Houses of Assembly in 1770, as a result of which 
the session ended without the renewal of the acts fixing the fees 
of officers of the government and imposing the tax for the sup- 
port of the Episcopal church, these acts having expired in that 
year. The governor thereupon revived the old acts by proclama- 
tion, which the people regarded as an invasion of their rights, 
and resisted accordingly. 

A prolonged debate took place through the columns of the 
Maryland Gazette, published at Annapolis. An article was written 
by Daniel Dulany, the secretary of the province and a lawyer of 
great ability. The article was written in the form of a dialogue 
between two citizens; the First Citizen argued against the action 
of the governor while the Second Citizen defended it, and was 
made to win the argument. But a champion of the people now 
appeared in the person of Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, who 
proved a powerful antagonist. He was descended from Catholic 
gentlemen who had long held offices under the proprietary in 
spite of their religion. He had been educated in Paris and had 
studied law for seven years in England. Mr. Carroll published a 
series of articles as the First Citizen, whose arguments had not 
been properly stated in the first article, and in the popular 
opinion he won a complete victory. 




BURNING OF THE PEGGY STEWART 

FROM A PHOTOGRAPH OF A PAINTING BY FRANK B. MAYER, IN THE STATE HOUSE AT ANNAPOLIS 



82 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

57. The Burning of the Peggy Stewart, October 
19, 1774.— In 1770, Parliament took off the tax from all the 
articles except tea, which was left in order to assert its right to 
impose a tax. But the Americans were contending for a princi- 
ple, too, and although it was ingeniously arranged that the tea on 
which a duty had been paid, should cost less than smuggled tea, 
yet the people stood firm. When tea was sent to Boston, the 
people, after other means had failed, sent on board a party dis- 
guised as Indians, who threw the cargo into the sea. 

On the 14th of October, 1774, the Peggy Stewart arrived at 
Annapolis with about two thousand pounds of tea. The owner 
of the vessel, Anthony Stewart, paid the duty on the tea in order 
to land the rest of the cargo. Stewart was a member of the non- 
importation society, and his act aroused the most violent indig- 
nation. On the nineteenth of October a large meeting was held 
at Annapolis to decide what should be done in the case. Stewart 
was thoroughly frightened, and signed an abject apology, further 
agreeing to land and burn the tea. This satisfied the majority, 
but to many persons it did not seem sufficient punishment, and 
the latter threatened that the vessel would be burned also. This 
minority assumed so threatening an attitude that Stewart, on the 
advice of Charles Carroll, ran the vessel aground, and with his 
own hands set her on fire. The crowd looked on while she burned 
to the water's edge. All this was done openly and publicly in 
broad daylight, by men who were not ashamed of what they did, 
and who had no fear of the consequences. The leader of the 
minority party that forced this extreme measure was Dr. Charles 
Alexander Warfield, of Upper Anne Arundel, now Howard county. 

58. The Convention and the Council of Safety. — 
The proprietary government gradually lost power, and ceased to 
rule except in name, as the people assumed control of their own 
affairs. A temporary government was formed. The supreme 
authority was in the hands of a Convention, composed of delegates 
from all the counties; the executive power was vested in a 



THE PROVINCE BECOMES AN INDEPENDENT STATE 83 

Council of Safety; while county affairs were controlled by Com- 
mittees of Observation. In July, 1775, the Convention formally 
assumed the control of affairs. A declaration was drawn up in 
which the wrongs committed by the British government were 
recited, and it was declared that the choice now lay between 
"base submission or manly opposition to uncontrollable tyranny," 
and that the framers were "firmly persuaded that it is necessary 
and justifiable to repel force by force." 

The authority of the Convention was supreme, yet its exercise 
was always characterized by moderation and a respect for the 
forms of law. Its management of affairs was just and admirable, 
and we have a right to be proud of the dignified self-control 
which the people showed at this trying time, even in the very 
act of resorting to forceful extremes in the defense of their rights. 

59. War with England Begins; Ideas of Independence. 

— In June, 1776, governor Eden was required to leave the prov- 
ince, and even the semblance of the proprietary government was 
at an end. 

When it became necessary for the colonies to act in concert 
for the defense of their liberties, delegates were sent to represent 
all the colonies in a congress, which met at Philadelphia. 
Addresses were sent to the king, only to be treated with scorn. 
Soldiers were sent over to keep the Americans in awe, and hos- 
tilities soon broke out. The British general sent a body of troops 
to seize some military stores that had been collected at Concord, 
Massachusetts, and there occurred as a result the skirmish known 
as the Battle of Lexington,— the first battle of the Revolutionary 
War. The Battle of Bunker Hill soon followed. 

Up to this time few persons entertained the idea of a sepa- 
ration from England. They were determined to fight, if neces- 
sary, for their rights, and to win them, but for "old England" 
they still felt a warm affection, as the land of those very liberties 
for which they were contending. But as time went on men came 





CHARLES CARROLL 

OF CARROLLTON 



WILLIAM PACA 





SAMUEL CHASE 



THOMAS STONE 



MARYLAND SIGNERS OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 

FROM PHOTOGRAPHS OF PAINTINGS IN THE STATE HOUSE 



THE PROVINCE BECOMES AN INDEPENDENT STATE 85 

to see very plainly that there was no hope of coming to any under- 
standing with George III, and that if the colonies were not 
willing to submit to tyranny, there was no hope for them but in 
independence. When this became apparent, there was no longer 
any hesitation. It was moved in the Congress that ' ' these United 
Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent 
states," and on July 4, 1776, Congress adopted the immortal 




THE STATE HOUSE 

FROM A PHOTOGRAPH 



Declaration of Independence. A new nation was born into the 
sisterhood of the world,destined to become the greatest of them all. 
60. Maryland Becomes a Sovereign State.— After the 
whole people of Maryland had expressed their desire for inde- 
pendence, the delegates from Maryland in the Congress were in- 
structed to unite in the Declaration of Independence which the 
other colonies were now ready to make in Congress assembled. 



86 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

The signers for Maryland were Samuel Chase, William Paca 
Thomas Stone and Charles Carroll, of Carrollton. But Maryland 
desired to speak independently for herself, and on the sixth of 
July declared her own independence through the Convention. 
In their Declaration the people pointed out the many oppressive 
acts of Great Britain; they declared that a war had been unjustly 
commenced, and then prosecuted with cruelty and outrageous 
violence, and that the king had even hired foreign soldiers to 
fight them, while rejecting their humble and dutiful petitions 
with scorn. They further declared: "Compelled by dire neces- 
sity, either to surrender our properties, liberties, and lives into 
the hands of a British king and Parliament, or to use such means 
as will most probably secure to us and our posterity those invalu- 
able blessings, — 

"We, the Delegates of Maryland, in Convention assembled, do 
declare that the King of Great Britain has violated his compact 
with this people, and they owe no allegiance to him." 

Thus by the united action of the colonies, and by the voice of 
her own citizens in Convention assembled, did Maryland cast off 
her allegiance to Great Britain. The province became a thing of 
the past — Maryland a free and sovereign state. 

61. Formation of the State Government. — The pro- 
prietary government having been abolished, it was of course 
necessary to form another in its place. A convention for this 
purpose met in August, 1776. A Bill of Rights and a Con- 
stitution were prepared: the former set forth in a general way the 
rights of the people, such as freedom of worship, the right to 
make their own laws, and to alter the form of their own govern- 
ment ; the latter replaced the charter, fixing the form of govern- 
ment. There were three departments of the government: the 
legislative or law-making; the executive, or law-enforcing; and 
the judicial, which explains the laws and by applying them 
directly to men's actions, dispenses justice. The legislative 



THE PROVINCE BECOMES AN INDEPENDENT STATE 87 

power was vested in a General Assembly, composed of two 
branches, the Senate and the House of Delegates. The chief 
executive power was vested in a governor. The judicial power 
was vested in the judges of the various courts. The delegates 
were elected by the people, while the senators were elected by a 
college of electors who were chosen by the people, nine senators 
to be chosen from the Western Shore and six from the Eastern. 
The governor was elected annually by the legislature, and had no 
veto power; he had an executive council to assist him, and he 




THOMAS JOHNSON 
FROM A PHOTOGRAPH OF A PAINTING IN THE STATE HOUSE 

could not serve for more than three years at a time. The judges 
were appointed by the governor with the advice of the Senate. 
A man must be worth a certain amount in order to vote, in order 
to be a delegate he must be worth more, in order to be a Senator 
he must be v^^orth still more, while to be governor he must be yet 
richer. These restrictions have long since been removed. Under 
this Constitution Thomas Johnson was elected first governor of 
Maryland. Pie was proclaimed as such at Annapolis on March 21, 
1777, amid the rejoicings of the people. 



88 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

TOPICS AND QUESTIONS. 

46. Effects of the Royal Government. 

Permanency of the changes wrought by the royal government. 
Revision of the laws of the province. 

47. Demanding the Privileges of Englishmen ; Coming of the Germans ; 

the Founding of Baltimore City. 

The Lower House claims the privileges of Englishmen for the citi- 
zens of Maryland ; significance of the claim. 

Slow growth of towns in the early history of the province. 

Founding of the city of Baltimore ; its growth and present im- 
portance. 

German settlers ; towns founded by them ; their character and im- 
portance. 

48. Mason and Dixon's Line ; Further Loss of Territory. 

The sons of William Penn dupe Lord Baltimore, 

Border warfare ; the adventure of Thomas Cresap. 

The boundary line run by Mason and Dixon. 

Mason and Dixon's line the boundary between the North and South. 

Loss of territory on the South and West. 

49. Frederick Calvert Becomes Fifth Proprietary. 

Character of Frederick Calvert. 

50. Wars with the French ; the English Gain Control of North America. 

Conflicting claims of the English and French. 

Four Wars waged for the control of the continent. 

Formation of the Ohio Company. 

Fort Duquesne and the appearance of George Washington. 

Braddock's march on Fort Duquesne and his defeat. 

Results of Braddock's defeat ; the erection of Fort Frederick. 

The Wars end in the complete triumph of England. 

51. Governor Sharpe and the Assemblies. 

The proprietary's estates taxed. 

Attitude of the Delegates; its merits and its faults. 

52. England's Oppressions, and Growth of the Spirit of Freedom. 

British restrictions on American commerce and manufactures. 
Feeling of the mother country toward the colonies. 
Character of the colonists. 

'Parliament attempts to tax the colonies without their consent. 
What great privilege of Englishmen did this violate? 
What gave the position of Maryland peculiar strength? 



THE PROVINCE BECOMES AN INDEPENDENT STATE 89 

53. The Stamp Act ; Maryland Asserts Her Rights. 

What was required by the Stamp Act .? 

How was it received by the colonies ? 

Describe the treatment of the stamp distributor in Maryland. 

What resolutions were passed by the Maryland Assembly? 

How did the courts of Maryland treat the Stamp Act ? 

Who were the Sons of Liberty. 

54. Parliament Again Taxes America. 

A tax on tea, glass, paper and other articles. 
The Non-importation Association. 
Reply of the Assembly to Governor Sharpe. 
The Assembly's address to the king. 

55. Governor Eden. — Death of Frederick Calvert. 

Character of Robert Eden. 

Death of Frederick, the last Lord Baltimore; he wills the prov- 
ince of Maryland to Henry Harford. 

56. The Debate between Charles Carroll of Carrollton, and Daniel Dulany. 

What laws expired in 1770 ? 

How did the governor restore them ? 

Describe the article by Daniel Dulany. 

Who replied to Dulany, and under what name did he write .^ 

Whom did the people regard as victorious } 

57. The Burning of Peggy Stewart (October 19, 1774). 

Hov/ tea was received in Boston. 

The Peggy Stewart arrives at Annapolis, and her owner pays the 

duty on some tea which she carries. 
Stewart's submission. 
He is compelled to burn the Peggy Stewart. 

58. The Convention and the Council of Safety. 

The people assume control of their affairs. 

How managed. 

The admirable conduct of the convention. 

59. War with England Begins ; Ideas of Independence. 

Departure of Governor Eden. 

The colonies act through a Congress. 

First battles of the war. 

Development of the idea of Independence. 

Congress adopts the Declaration of Independence. 

60. Maryland Becomes a Sovereign State. 

The Maryland Declaration of Independence. 



90 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

61. Formation of the State Government. 

What was the purpose of the Bill of Rights.^ Of the Constitution. 

Name and define the three departments of the government. 

In whom was the chief power vested in each of these three 

departments ? 
What restriction was placed on the right to vote and hold office.' 
Who was the first governor of the State of Maryland? When and 

where was he proclaimed? 

QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND RESEARCH 

1. What is a code ? Point out the advantages of a code. What is 
the common law? The statute law? Explain the value of the 
English laws to the people of Maryland. 

2 Explain, as fully as you can, the reason for the slow growth of 
towns in the early days of the colony. Point out some of the ad- 
vantages of towns. Point out some of the harmful effects of 
towns. Could any of these be avoided, and if so, how? 

3. What is the present population of Baltimore? How many other 

cities in the United States are larger? Name them in order of 
size. What is the present population of Maryland? Compare this 
with the population of Baltimore. Point out the advantages of 
Baltimore's position. 

4. Would it be possible for Maryland to regain her lost territory now? 

Would it be desirable? 

5. Write an essay on the Lords Baltimore, showing the character and 

influence on Maryland of each. 

6. Is war the best way of settling disputes about territory? How are 

such disputes usually settled now-a-days ? 
7 Was it right for the American people to resist by force the invasion 
of their liberties? What measures should always preceed a resort 
to force? Judging from the events of this period, what was the 
character of the American people? Are there any respects in 
which it is not so admirable at the present day? Are there any 
in which it has improved? 

References 

Browne's .l/an7a)/rf, pp. 203-286. Fhke's Old Virginia and Her Neighbors, pp. 
16y-173. Merene.ss' Maryland as a Proprietary Province — See index for topics 
desired. For a more complete account of the French war.s and the struggle 
for the control of North America, see Fiske's Htstoiy of the I'nited States, pp. 
155-176. For a more complete account of the beginning of the Revolution see 
Fiske, pp. isi 211, or see any other go jd history of the United States for the 
last two points. 



. CHAPTER VI 

Maryland Life in Colonial Times 

62. Introduction. — In the course of our narrative we have 
paused occasionally to notice the manner of living of the people 
whose history we are studying. Now that we have reached the 
great turning-point in that history — the time when the hitherto 
subject province had become a free and independent state — it will 
be well for us to pause again for a more careful and thorough in- 
spection of the community now about to enter upon its new career. 
There were some characteristics common to all sections of the 
country, but in very many particulars the life and customs of the 
people of the South differed widely from those at the North. 
Even different parts of the two sections often differed in many 
respects. Maryland and her sister colony, Virginia, were very 
similar, but the commercial spirit was more widely diffused in 
Maryland, and activity and enterprise were greater. And as we 
naturally expect from the character of Maryland's early institu- 
tions, there was less bigotry, religious and political, than in Vir- 
ginia. 

63. Occupations — The population of Maryland had in- 
creased with wonderful rapidity, and at the times of the Revo- 
lution the province contained about 250,000 people. 

Maryland was still almost wholly agricultural. Tooacco con- 
tinued to be the chief crop, and at this time the province was 
CKporting nearly 50,000 hogsheads. It was still largely 
used as money, instead of coin or paper. Previous to the war, 
however, the planters learned that wheat might be grown in the 
fertile soil of western and northern Maryland, and exported with 
profit. They acted upon this information, and by the time the 
war began Maryland was exporting 600,000 bushels of wheat, while 



92 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

the importance of tobacco rapidly declined. A good deal of corn 
was raised, most of which was used for private purposes on the 
plantations where grown. 

Cultivation of the land was generally of a very crude kind. 
Wooden forks and shovels were common, and the plow was usually 
of wood also, for plow-irons were imported from England and were 
very expensive. A much more important implement was the hoe, 
but not a light thin blade of steel such as you now see in use; 
the hoe of this time was a large heavy lump of dull iron (prob- 
ably the rude work of the plantation blacksmith), with a thick, 
clumsy handle of wood. With these the tobacco was care- 
fully hoed by the slaves or white servants, the weeds growing 
close to the plant being taken out by hand, while the overseer, 
perhaps on horseback, watched to see the work well done. Usu- 
ally, the master of the plantation rode daily over the estate to 
inspect and leave orders with his overseer. 

While tobacco was the only product, and ships stopped at the 
private landing of the planter to lay in a cargo of that staple and 
to give in return a supply of groceries and provisions, food and 
clothing, tools, and implements, there were naturally few towns, 
with little commerce and no manufactures. There was no foreign 
trade carried on in the usual way by merchants, but the rich pro- 
prietors sometimes owned their own ships and styled themselves 
planters and merchants. There was often a store at the county 
seat, and very often the planter kept one for the supply of his 
servants; while wandering peddlers were not uncommon. There 
were no manufactures save the rude work done privately on the 
plantations. But at the time of our chapter a change had already 
begun. Towns, which refused to grow even for an act of the legis- 
lature, began to grow freely as soon as a need for them naturally 
made itself felt. Annapolis improved; Baltimore, drawing trade 
from Pennsylvania as well as from Maryland, had acquired a large 
foreign trade in wheat and flour, and was now one of the largest 
cities of the colonies. 



MARYLAND LIFE IN COLONIAL TIMES 



93 



Copper mines had been opened some time before, while the 
more important industry of iron mining had become large and 
profitable, 25,000 tons of pig iron being produced annually. 

The legal system of Maryland was simple and good, and there 
grew up a very worthy body of lawyers — men of eminence, learn- 
ing, and intelligence. Some of the clergy of the Established 
Church, on the other hand, very degraded men. Supported by 
law and secure in their livings, they set public opinion at 




HAVIPTON," BALTIMORE COUNTY, MARYLAND 

F,^OM A PHOTOGRAPH 

defiance, and often showed no regard for common decency. 
Yet people of every opinion were taxed for the support of 
these men, who brought undeserved reproach on their v/orthier 
brethren and on the colony. Such v/ere the results of substituting 
the narrow policy of bigotry and oppression for the freedom and 
toleration of Cecilius Calvert. One result of this state of affairs, 
was that the Presbyterians and other sects spread rapidly. 



94 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



64, Homes : Houses and Plantations. — In this agricul- 
tural community a plantation resembled a little village. The 
"great house" of the planter was sometimes a substantial struc- 
ture of wood, but on the large estates, or "manors," it was pretty 
sure to be of brick. As a rule the house was two stories high, 
with a hall running through. This hall was the living room and 
here the ladies sat to gossip and sew. The mistress was far from 
being idle, however. Upon her devolved the duty of directing the 




THE BRICE RESIDENCE, ANNAPOLIS 

FRCM A PHOTOGRAPH 

work of the women-servants in weaving linen and cotton fabrics, 
in knitting socks and stockings, and in making garments for the 
slaves. The large body of house servants were supervised by her, 
and she was the friend and counsellor of her dependents in time 
of trouble. Pewter dishes were in general use, but the wealthy 
planters were supplied with handsome silver ware. In the early 
days, poor folks often used flat wooden bowls called trenchers, 



MARYLAND LIFE IN COLONIAL TIMES 



95 



and wooden spoons, while forks were unknown, first being 
mentioned in Virginia in 1677. Glassware was sufficiently rare 
to be mentioned in wills, and china was not commonly used until 
after the Revolution. Most of the rooms opened into the hall, 
and the parlor was kept for use rather than for ornament. You 
would find here no stoves or coal, and no lamps (occasionally there 
were lamps made of pewter which burned whale oil). Heat was 




THE CHASE HOME," ANNAPOLIS 

FROM A PHOTOGRAPH 



supplied from huge open fireplaces in which great logs crackled 
and blazed merrily on winter nights, while the room was lighted 
by candles, often made of myrtle-berry or bay-berry wax. The 
table was loaded with the food which the forest and the adjoining 
creek so abundantly furnished, while temperance societies were 
unheard of and various wines and liquors were kept on hand and 



96 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

consumed in large quantities. A royal hospitality was dispensed, 
and every traveller was welcomed and entertained and at the same 
time vigorously questioned for the latest news. 

The exterior of the house was likely to be bare and unadorned, 
but generally there Vv'as a beautifully kept lawn of sev- 
eral acres, dotted with cedars, and approached by a gravelled 
driveway and a road shaded by long double rows of locusts or 
beeches. A charming atmosphere of peacefulness and calm 
pervaded the whole. Numerous out-buildings formed the village- 
like settlement. There was a meat house, a kitchen, a dairy, a 
granary, etc., and the "quarters" where the slaves lived, for 
large numbers of negroes had been imported during the 
eighteenth century and there were now nearly a hundred thousand 
in the province. The slaves were in nearly all cases well treated 
and usually devoted to their homes, the house servants in partic- 
ular being noted for their "family pride." There v/as usually 
a windmill to grind the corn, which in earlier times was pounded 
in mortars, as it was still on the smaller plantations. 

The houses of the to.vnspeople were usually plain and modest, 
but some handsome residences were built in Annapolis. In the 
backwoods and newly settled regions the habitations were merely 
log huts. 

65. Society: Dress, Manners, and Amusements. — 
Dress varied according to social position, and was to a great ex- 
tent its mark. When we read of the costumes of the "best 
society," or at least those of the women, we are amazed that the 
wearers could ever have enjoyed their gay gatherings. The 
gentleman wore a coat of cloth or velvet of any color that he 
fancied, with flaps extending nearly to the knees, and bound with 
gold or silver lace. It had great cuffs, from beneath which pro- 
truded lace ruffles. He wore knee breeches of red plush, blue cloth 
or black satin. He wore tight silk stockings, black, white, blue, 
or other color, and low shoes with silver buckles. His head was 
covered by a wig of flowing hair, caught behind in a queue and 



IS 



2 ? 




98 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

powdered — sometimes so generously that the hat had to be car- 
ried under the arm. About the neck was a large white cravat 
with plenty of flowing lace, while at the side depended a sword. 

The ladies dressed brilliantly and sometimes extravagantly. 
Dresses were made of silk, satin, or the heavy brocade; the body 
was held as in a vise by tightly laced stays (an old form of corset) ; 
their shoes were high-heeled. About the neck there might be a 
large gauze handkerchief, while a long train trailed behind the 
dress. On the head was built up a mountain of hair, elaborately 
arranged with lace and satin. The women of Maryland were famous 
for their lovliness of person and charming manners and character, 
as we know from the testimony of all, from the poor servant to the 
courtly Mr. Eddis — the English custom-house officer at 
Annapolis. 

The dress of the poorer planters was a pale reflection of that 
of the richer, while the mechanics and laborers usually wore 
leather breeches and aprons, worsted stockings, and coarse shoes. 
Servants, if we may judge from advertisements for runaways, 
seem to have worn pretty much any sort of clothing they could 
lay hold of. 

There were plenty of amusements, though not always of a kind 
approved now-a-days. Fox hunting was one of the most popular 
out-door pleasures, but horse-racing, gambling, and excessive 
indulgence in wine and liquorswere very common and excited no 
remark. Some wealthy persons owned town houses in Annapolis, 
which was the center of gaiety and fashion. Here, during the 
winter, gathered the aristocracy to enjoy a season of festivity and 
merry-making. Dancing was a necessary part of the education, 
and balls and parties were very frequent. There were clubs and 
theatres, Annapolis claiming, indeed, the distinction of the first 
theatre erected in America. Our planters seem sometimes to have 
been men of extravagant habits, v/ho by their reckless expenditures 
and neglect of their plantations involved themselves in ruin. 




THE MARYLAND GAZETTE OF JUNE 21, 1745, 

FROM A photograph; original paper in possession of the MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY 



100 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

The manners of the people were marked by courtesy and elegance, 
and inclined to be pompous and formal. 

(>G. Education and Literature; Character of the 
People. — In regard to the education of the people and the 
literature they read, there is not so much to be said. There 
were very few schools, chiefly because there were so few towns 
and the population was so scattered, and the teachers were in most 
cases the indented servants or transported convicts. The wealthier 
people were generally well educated, for many sent their sons to 
England to attend college. In this age, little or no attention 
was paid anywhere to the education of girls, though the wealthy 
planters of Maryland often had private tutors for their daughters. 

Of literature there is much the same to be said. A few stand- 
ard English books could be found, and occasionally political 
pamphlets were printed and read, while the wealthier planters 
usually had good libraries, and sometimes large ones. A nev/s- 
paper called The Maryland Gazette was founded at Annapolis in 
1727 ; it was soon discontinued, but v/as revived in 1745 by Jonas 
Green, and thereafter prospered. The Gazette claimed to publish 
"the freshest Advices Foreign and Domestic." These "freshest 
Advices" were two months old from New York and Boston, five 
months old from London and Paris, and six months old from Con- 
stantinople. Pretty stale news, we of today are apt to think, 
but this was before the day of the railroad and the telegraph. 

In spite of their meagre resources in these respects, and some 
questionable amusements, the people of Maryland were indus- 
trious, shrewd, sensible, and intelligent, while generally speaking 
their morals were good. They must always be judged by the 
standards of their own time; — our most revered statesmen of that 
time saw no harm in moderate gambling and v/hat would now 
be considered excessive drinking. They were a generous, hos- 
pitable, courteous people, liberal-minded, but strongly inde- 
pendent and jealous of their rights and privileges as Englishmen. 



THE PROVINCE BECOMES AN INDEPENDENT STATE 101 

Most of their faults grew out of the peculiar conditions under 
which they lived, or were the common vices of the times. On the 
whole we may justly be proud of them. 

TOPICS AND QUESTIONS 

62. Introduction. 

Life in the South and in the North. 
Maryland and Virginia compared. 

63. Occupations. 

Maryland chiefly agricultural ; tobacco the staple crop. 

Method of cultivating the land. 

Growth of towns in later days of the province. 

The growing importance of Baltimore. 

Mining industries. 

Character of the lawyers. 

Character of some of the clergymen, and the causes. 

64. Homes; Houses and Plantations. 

Describe the "great house" of the planter. 

Describe the dishes, fuel, and lights. 

How were guests received? 

Describe the exterior of the house, its grounds, etc. 

Tell about the out-buildings. 

What was the condition of the slaves? 

65. Society; Dress, Manners, and Amusements. 

Describe the dress of a fashionable gentleman. Of a lady. Of the 

poor planters. Of mechanics and laborers. 
For what were the women of Maryland distinguished? 
Describe the chief amusements. 
For what was Annapolis noted? 
Describe the manners of the people. 

66. Education and Literature; Character of the People. 

Describe the educational condition of the colony. 

What literature was read? Tell about the Maryland Gazette. 

Describe fully the character of the people. 

QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND RESEARCH 
1. Find out, if you can, some particulars in which life at the North 
differed from life at the South, and the reasons for the differ- 
ence. What differences exist between the two sections at pres- 
ent ? 



102 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



2. Compare the occupations of Marylanders of today with those of the 

colonial period. Name some improved agricultural implements 
now in use. Name some of the important cities and towns of 
the present day in Maryland, and explain the cause of their 
growth. 

3. Name four daily newspapers published in Maryland at this time. 

What papers are published in your county? 

References 

Lodee's English Colonies in America, pp. !I3-109. Fiske's Old I'irginia and Her 
Neighbors, Vol. II. pp. 174-269. The latter describes life in Virginia, but this was 
so nearly identical with the life in :\raryland that it is practically as good as a 
special description for Maryland. This is a careful and lengthy account, and 
will prove very valuable. See also Mereness' Maryland as a Prnprieta) v Prov- 
ince pp. 104-1:;8 and pp. icnit'.t. If available, consult Scharf's History of Mary- 
land, Vol. IT pp. 1-103, and for a good account of the manners and customs of 
the early settlers in "Western Maryland, see Scharf's History of Western Mary- 
land, pp. 60-74. 










IITE HAUL MANOR 



PART II 



HISTORY OF THE STATE 

CHAPTER I 

The Struggle for Independence ; Maryland 
in the Revolution 

67. The Revolutionary War.— The Declaration of Inde- 
pendence was the solemn statement of the colonies to all the 
world that they were resolved to be entirely free, and to lay the 
foundations of a new nation with liberty as its watchword. But 
that Declaration it was now 
necessary to make good, and 
the independence which they 
so boldly asserted it was neces- 
sary to win by brave deeds. 
Thus the whole situation v/as 
changed; for whereas the 
Americans had hitherto been 
contending for their rights 
and privileges as Englishmer, 
they now fought to throv/ 
off entirely the sovereignty 
of a government which they 
regarded as unjust and ty- 
rannical. 

On the nomination of 
Thomas Johnson of Maryland, 
Congress appointed George 
Washington commander-in-chief of the American army. 
(This was before the Declaration of Independence). In 
the character of Washington daring courage was strangely 




GEORGE WASHINGTON 
FROM A PAINTING BY GILBERT STUART 
IN THE STATE HOUSE AT ANNAPOLIS 



104 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

blended with extraordinary cautiousness and forethought. A 
noble and unselfish man, a true patriot, and a remarkably able 
general, his selection was eminently wise. Had any other been 
made, it is very doubtful whether independence could have been 
won. 

In the conduct of the war the Americans had one great advan- 
tage, — they fought on the defensive. They had declared them- 
selves independent; if the king wished to dispute their claim 
his armies must occupy their country and wrest its control from 
them. Two distinct plans for doing this were tried, and both 
ended in failure. The first was to gain control of the Hudson 
river; then, with their fleets in complete control of the sea, the 
New England states would be cut off from the others, and each sec- 
tion could be overcome without being able to obtain help from the 
other. After the failure of this plan the second was tried, which 
was to send armies to the extreme south of the country; these, 
marching northward, were to conquer one state after another until 
all were regained. We cannot give a connected account of these 
campaigns, for as this is a history of Maryland, we must content 
ourselves with a sketch of each period, and some account of 
Maryland's part in the great struggle. 

The War in the North 

68. The Battle of Long Island. — ^In the attempt to 
seize the Hudson the first blow of the British general, Howe, was 
at the city of New York. The army of Washington met him on 
Long Island, and here was fought the first great battle of the war. 
In this engagement, the most important and heroic part was taken 
by the troops of Maryland. The left wing of the American 
army, under General Sullivan, was surrounded and captured, and 
the brunt of the fighting fell upon the right under General 
Stirling. The Maryland troops were in this division. Their 
leader, Colonel Smallwood, was detained in New York and Major 



THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE 105 

Mordecai Gist was in command. The regiment was composed of 
young men of the best families, of fine spirit and discipline, but 
"who on that day for the first time saw the flash of an enemy's 
guns." Stirling gallantly maintained the fight for four hours, 
but greatly outnumbered and attacked in the rear by Lord Corn- 
wallis as well as in front by General Grant, he was obliged to 
retreat. 




WILLIAM SMALLWOOD* 

Behind the American army was a marsh and a deep 
creek to be crossed, and in order to cover the retreat it was neces- 
sary to hold the British in check for a time. For this pur- 
pose Stirling placed himself at the head of 400 men of the 
Maryland regiment, and faced the immensely superior force of 
Lord Cornwallis. This gallant little band actually held in check 
this division of the British army until the Americans had effected 
their escape. Animated by an unselfish and patriotic devotion, 

*The portraits of Smallwood, Gist, Ramsav, WiHiams. and Howard are from 
photographs of paintings in the Gallery of th<j Maryland Historical Society. 



106 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



the noble young men charged the overwhelming force of the 
British again and again, until the great host seemed about to 
give way from the repeated shocks. But the struggle could not 

continue long; fired 
upon from all points 
and fearfully outnum- 
bered as they were, 
Stirling and a portion 
surrendered themselves, 
while three companies 
cut their way through 
the British and reached 
the marsh on the edge 
of the creek, whence 
they effected their es- 
cape. A mere handful 
of the gallant four 
hundred was left, but 
they had saved the 
remnant of the American army. "The sacrifice of their lives, 
so freely made by the generous and noble sons of Maryland, had 
not been in vain. An hour, more precious to American liberty 
than any other in its history, had been gained." (See Sec. 121). 
In a masterly retreat Washington brought off his troops safe 
from Long Island, the rear being covered by the Maryland and 
Pennsylvania troops. 

69. From Long Island to Morristown. — New York was 
almost immediately occupied by the British general. Wash- 
ington retreated northward to White Plains, later falling back on 
North Castle, where he could not safely be attacked. The British 
general then moved back down the Hudson, threatening at once 
Fort Washington, at the other extremity of Manhattan Island, and 
Philadelphia, the "rebel capital." Washington now crossed the 
Hudson with a part of his force, and General Charles Lee was 




MOREDCAI GIST 




MONUMENT TO MARYLAND'S FOUR HUNDRED, Prospect Park, Brooklyn 

FROM A PHOTOGRAPH 



108 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

left in command at North Castle. Owing to disregard of Wash- 
ington's orders Fort Washington was captured by General Howe 
with its garrison and stores, while General Lee refused to march 
his army to the aid of Washington when ordered by the latter to 
do so, and later when captured by the British, turned traitor to 
the American cause. (Lee's treachery was not known until many 
years later). These heavy misfortunes came near bringing the 
war to an end, and compelled Washington to retreat through New 
Jersey, a movement which he executed with masterly skill, 
finally encamping beyond the Delaware. 

The British generals, Howe and Cornwallis, determined to cross 
the river as soon as it should be frozen over, and in the meantime 
returned to New York to celebrate their success. The 
wretched soldiers of the American army suffered fearfully from 
cold and hunger, and their exposed feet often left bloody tracks 
upon the snow. In these terrible straits many people began to 
despair of the cause of liberty, but the mighty soul of Washington 
never wavered. On Christmas night of 1776, he crossed the 
Delaware river amid huge cakes of floating ice, and marched 
s viftly through a blinding snowstorm upon the British center at 
Trenton. The post was captured with 1,000 prisoners, while the 
Americans lost but four men. Cornwallis at once brought down 
his army, but Washington, by a brilliant movement, passed 
around him and crushed his rear at Princeton. Washington then 
retreated to Morristown, where he was, for the time, in safety. 

Throughout the whole of this period the Maryland troops fully 
sustained the reputation which they had won at Long Island. 
Many marks of confidence were shown them by the general, and 
they were frequently given posts of unusual responsibility and 
danger. A member of Washington's staff declares, "The Virginia 
and Maryland troops bear the palm." The Maryland soldiers 
fought gallantly at the defense of Fort Washington, and in almost 
every other engagement of the campaign. The old soldiers of the 



THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE 



109 



Maryland Line*, originally numbering fifteen hundred men, had 
been reduced almost to nothing. 

During the retreat through New Jersey, Congress became 
alarmed for its safety, and removed from Philadelphia to Balti- 
more, which thus became for a time the capital. It was here 
that extraordinary powers were conferred on Washington, enabling 
him to conduct the war successfully. Congress met in a build- 





TABLET ON OLD CONGRESS HALL 

FROM A PHOTOGRAPH 

ing on the southwest corner of Baltimore (at that time called 
Market street) and Sharp streets. In 1894 the site of "Old 
Congress Hall" was marked by a bronze tablet, through the 
efforts of the Maryland Society of the Sons of the American Rev- 
olution. 

*The regular infantry of Maryland, as distinguished from her militia, was 
called the Maryland Line. 







"AjT / He CMrs/ ^^} 

A B Newark\) 7U^ 

,, /) Bask. NCR. OCL Yf //^MivvYoRK 

|f„ir7= 7xS ilri Brooklyn 

,,.(;'?- A- /PlucoemiNj, /--fc\ 

Jj;./.*" \ oBoundBpook Jlfs'^^^ 

A-^'*^ U SOMrRSE.TCHVNtJ^ '^'•^S^i^^ K 

R0CKVH.1.L°*^K'NGS-'0N 
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OPERATIONS IN NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY 
r 776-77 
FROM FISKE'S "THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION," 

BV PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHERS, HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY 



THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE 111 

70. Second Attempt to Conquer New York and 
Hold the Hudson. — An elaborate campaign for the year 1777 
was now planned by the British. An army under General Burgoyne 
was to march down from Canada, capture Fort Ticonderoga on 
Lake Champlain, and proceed to Albany; a smaller force was to 
march eastward from Oswego and unite with Burgoyne ; while 
the main army under General Howe was to ascend the Hudson 
and meet Burgoyne at Albany. 

General Howe concluded that he would have time to go down 
and capture the "rebel capital," Philadelphia, before starting 
northward to meet Burgoyne. The skill of Washington prevented 
his marching through New Jersey, and finally he put his troops 
aboard ship and sailed down the coast and into the Chesapeake. 
Landing his forces at the head of the bay, he began his march upon 
Philadelphia. Washington, though outnumbered nearly two to 
one, gave him battle at the Brandywine creek. The Americans 
were compelled to retreat, but the wonderful skill of their gen- 
eral detained the British two weeks on the march of twenty-six 
miles. Washington planned a brilliant attack on the British 
army encamped at Germantown, about six miles from Philadelphia^ 
but through a mistake the battle was unfortunately lost. The 
morning was dark and foggy, and one American brigade, 
mistaking another for the enemy, fiercely attacked it. Great 
confusion ensued, and soon a general retreat began. 

In the meantime Washington's skillful detention of Howe had 
borne glorious fruit in the north, for Burgoyne's army was cut off 
and obliged to surrender. This is regarded as the decisive vic- 
tory of the war, for, although the war did not end until several 
years afterward, yet the first and best plan of the British for con- 
quering the colonies was defeated, while France decided 
to enter into an alliance with us and send ships and men to our 
aid. 

Washington's army now went into winter quarters at Valley 
Forge, and not being well supplied with either food or clothing, 



112 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

the soldiers suffered fearful hardships. In June, 1778, General 
Clinton had succeeded General Howe as commander of the 
British, evacuated Philadelphia, and begun a retreat to New York. 
Washington attacked the retreating army near Monmouth. The 
traitor, Charles Lee had been exchanged, and was again in com- 
mand; he took advantage of his position to order a shameful retreat 
at the moment of victory, thus spoiling Washington's plan and 
nearly causing a defeat before the latter could reform the army. 
For this Lee was afterward tried and removed from the army. 
Little further of importance occurred at the north. 

In this series of battles the soldiers of Maryland served with 
their usual distinction. In the battle of Germantown they fought 
with the greatest daring, being the first troops engaged and the 

last to give up the 
struggle. Fort Mifflin, 
guarding the approach 
by water to Philadel- 
phia, was heroically de- 
fended by Lieutenant- 
Colonel Samuel Smith 
of Maryland, until it 
became absolutely un- 
tenable. He was voted 
a sword by Congess for 
his gallantry. At the 
battle of Monmouth, 
when Washington met 
the body of disorderly 
fugitives under Lee, he 
NATHANIEL RAMSEY ^^lled for an ofiicer to 

hold the enemy in check until he could form his troops for action. 
Colonel Nathaniel Ramsey of Baltimore, offered himself with the 
words, "I will stop them or fall." Marching at the head of his 
troops, Ramsey held the British in check until the American army 




THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE 113 

was formed for the attack; the British were then, after a stubborn 
resistance, slowly pushed from the field, and again the American 
army owed its salvation to the troops of Maryland. During the 
terrible winter at Valley Forge the Maryland troops were stationed 
at Wilmington, where they lived in much greater comfort than 
their unfortunate comrades. 

While the troops so liberally furnished by Maryland were thus 
serving with distinction in the patriot cause, the state suffered 
severely at home. Early in the war the people were greatly an- 
noyed by Lord Dunmore, who had been the royal governor of Vir- 
ginia. Angry at being driven out of the country, he set on foot 
dangerous plots, and sailing about the bay in a British ship on 
which he had taken refuge, he plundered and distressed the peo- 
ple to the limit of his power. Other depredations of the British, 
and the voyage of General Howe up the bay when on his way to 
capture Philadelphia, kept the people in nearly constant alarm 
and made it necessary to keep militia on duty for their protection. 
The state also suffered from a dangerous rising of the Tories, 
as those who sided with England were called, in Somerset and 
Worcester counties. The insurrection, however, was promptly 
suppressed by a body of troops under General Smallwood and Col- 
onel Gist. 

The War in the South 

71. Second Plan of Conquering the Country. — ^The 
British now tried their second way of conquering the Americans, 
which was to go down to the southern extremity of the country 
and reduce the states to obedience, one by one. For a while it 
seemed as if they must be successful. Georgia was over-run and 
the royal governor again placed in control. The city of Charles- 
ton was captured, with an army under General Lincoln, by the 
British general. Sir Henry Clinton. The whole of South Carolina 
was soon reduced, and Clinton returned to New York, leaving 
Lord Cornwallis in command. 



114 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

72. The Campaign of General Gates —A new army was 
raised, but unfortunately the command was given to General 
Gates, a thoroughly incapable officer. In the famous campaign 
which resulted in Burgoyne's surrender, he had been placed in 
command shortly before the crowning victory, and so had man- 
aged to reap the glory that had been won by others. After com- 
mitting a great many follies, against the advice of his officers, 
Gates met the British general at Camden ; each general had started 
out to surprise the other, and the armies met in the night. In 
the morning the battle commenced, and resulted in one of the 
most terrible defeats ever inflicted upon an American army. 

The two armies met between huge swamps that protected the 
flanks of each. The right wing of the American army was com- 
manded by Baron Kalb (a German soldier who had volunteered 
in the cause of American liberty); it was composed of the 
second Maryland regiment and a Delaware regiment in front, 
and the first Maryland regiment a short distance in the rear. The 
left wing was composed of Virginia and North Carolina militia 
under Generals Stevens and Caswell. This wing, on being charged 
by the British right under Colonel Webster, instantly gave way, the 
men throwing away their guns and fleeing with hardly a shot. 
Gates was carried away by the panic-stricken mob, and Colonel 
Webster, leaving the cavalry under Tarleton to cut down the 
fugitives, turned upon the devoted Marylanders. Throwing his 
victorious column upon the first regiment he slowly pushed it 
from the field, after the most determined resistance. The second 
Maryland regiment, in the meantime, had repelled the attack of 
the British left wing under Lord Rawdon. In a splendid bayonet 
charge under Major John Eager Howard, they had even broken 
through his lines, and were, for the moment, victorious. But 
they were now attacked in flank by the troops of Colonel Webster, 
and Cornwallis threw his whole army upon them. Kalb fell dying 
from eleven wounds, and the remnant of the brave fellows made 
their escape through the marsh where the cavalry could not follow. 




GREENE AND CORNWALLIS IN THE CAROLINAS 

January-April, 1781 
FROM FISKE'S "THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION," 

BY PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHERS, HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY 



116 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

73. The Campaign of General Greene. — After the terri- 
ble rout at Camden, affairs in the South seemed desperate. But a 
new army was presently raised, and the command entrusted 
(October, 1780) to Nathanael Greene, a general scarcely inferior in 
skill and energy to Washington himself. 

A detachment of Greene's army under General Morgan won the 
battle of Cowpens, after a brilliant engagement. Greene himself 
executed a masterful retreat into Virginia, and having led his 
adversary far into a hostile country, faced about and offered 
him battle at Guilford Courthouse. The British managed 
to stand their ground, but were so badly cut up that they were 
obliged to retreat into Virginia. Leaving Cornwallis behind him, 
Greene now returned to the Carolinas, and after a brilliant cam- 
paign captured every important post. In the battle of Hobkirk's 
Hill and Eutaw Springs he was virtually the victor, and by Sep- 
tember, 1781, had completely regained South Carolina with the 
exception of Charleston. Cornwallis, in Virginia, allowed him- 
self to be shut up in Yorktown by Lafayette*, whereupon Wash- 
ington made a wonderful march from the Hudson river to the 
York and, with the aid of the French fleet, compelled his sur- 
render (October 19, 1781). This practically ended the war. 

74. Maryland Troops in the South, — In the southern cam- 
paigns the Maryland line confirmed and enhanced the reputation 
won at the North, but they also did much more. They may fair- 
ly be said to have taken the lead, and to have played the decisive 
part in this concluding struggle of the war. A very slight 
knowledge of their services would make this perfectly plain. 
The heroic deeds of the Maryland troops at Camden have already 
been described. In Morgan's victory at the Cowpens they took 
an even more prominent part, under the famous leader, John 
Eager Howard. When the force under Morgan was detached, 
Cornwallis sent out the famous cavalry commander, Colonel 
Tarlet on, to intercept it, and to capture or destroy it. 

*The Marquis de Lafayette was a noble and unselfish young Frenchman who 
came to America to help the people win their independence. 




THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE 117 

Morgan retreated before his adversary to a long rising slope 
near some enclosures known as the Cowpens. Here he faced about 
and formed his troops for battle. In front he placed the militia of 
Georgia and Carolina; on the 
brow of a hill one hundred 
and fifty yards in the rear of 
these "he stationed the 
splendid Maryland brigade 
which Kalb had led at Cam 
den;" behind these on a sec- 
ond hill was placed the cavalry 
under Colonel William Wash- 
ington. The militia behaved 
well, and after firing several 
deadly volleys retired, form- 
ing again in the rear. The ^^wapp, 

^ ^ JOHN EAGER HOWARD 

British now fiercely attacked 

the second line, under Colonel John Eager Howard. 
Being superior in numbers, they extended their line 
so as to threaten Howard's flanks, whereupon the line began to 
retire. Thinking them in full retreat the British pressed on in 
confusion. But the Marylanders, at a word of command from 
Howard, suddenly faced about, poured a murderous fire into their 
ranks, and came down upon them in a furious bayonet charge. 
Taken in flank and rear at the same time by the militia and the 
cavalry under Colonel Washington, the remains of the British 
army surrendered, Tarleton himself narrowly escaping. This is 
regarded as the most brilliant battle of the war, for Morgan had 
actually surrounded and captured a superior force in open field. 
It is therefore a matter for great pride that the decisive part 
was played by the troops of Maryland and their gallant commander. 
When Congress voted a gold medal to Morgan, a silver medal was 
voted to Colonel Howard. 



118 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

In the wonderful retreat of General Greene to Virginia, it was of 
the highest importance that a body of reliable troops, ably com- 
manded, should protect the rear of the army, and hold the British in 
check while the main army made good its retreat. The difficult 
and perilous post of honor was entrusted to Colonel Otho Holland 
Williams, of Maryland, with a body of Marylanders under Howard, 
and some other troops. In the performance of this difficult and 
dangerous duty, Williams and his troops suffered terrible hardships, 
but the duty was performed most successfully, and they won the 
highest praise for the manner in which it was accomplished. 

The battle came at last 
at Guilford Courthouse. 
The main line was 
formed of Maryland and 
Virginia regulars, who 
bore the brunt of the 
fight, and the chief ad- 
vantage was gained by 
a splendid bayonet 
charge of the Maryland 
troops under Colonels 
John Gunby and John 
Eager Howard, in which 
the most dauntless cour- 
age was shown. 

At the battle of Hob- 
kirk's Hill the Mary- 
OTHo HOLLAND WILLIAMS land troops again played 

the most conspicuous part. While the troops were advancing to 
the charge, Captain William Beatty, a favorite officer, was shot 
dead at the head of his company. To the confusion which 
resulted and the order of Colonel Gunby to fall back and re-form, 
has been attributed the defeat of the American army. As 
a matter of fact, the Maryland troops merely fell back a few rods 




THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE 119 

and then rallied, while the other troops (on their right and left) 
had fallen into disorder about the same time, and were re-formed 
on the line of the Maryland regiment. So far from losing the 
battle, therefore, the Maryland troops by their steadiness enabled 
Greene to make an orderly retreat. At the siege of Ninety-Six 
a desperate assault was made by a party of Maryland and Virginia 
troops, in which five out of six of their number were killed or 
wounded. In the final battle at Eutaw Springs our gallant troops 
fittingly crowned their noble work. At the critical moment Gen- 
eral Greene issued the order, "Let Williams advance and sweep 
the field with his bayoni^ts." Under Williams and Howard, the 
heroic band instantly advanced in a furious charge, and "the 
finest infantry of England" was swept from the field. 

General Greene spoke of the officers and men of the Maryland 
Line in terms of the highest paise In a letter to General Small- 
wood he writes, "The Maryland Line made a charge that exceeded 
anything I ever saw." In another letter he said of John Eager 
Howard, "He deserves a statue of gold, no less than the Roman 
and Grecian heroes." 

75. Naval Operations. — During the Revolutionary War 
the United States never possessed a navy worthy of the name, 
though a few battles were fought and immense damage was in- 
flicted upon the commerce of the enemy by American privateers.* 
In this respect Maryland fully supported her military record. 
Baltimore fitted out more privateers than any other American city. 
These vessels were famous for their speed and the skill with 
which they were handled; they captured British vessels almost 
in their own harbors in England. It has been claimed with some 
reason that Baltimore was the most zealous and patriotic city in 
the country, in point of damage inflicted on the enemy. 

In 1782, Lieutenant Joshua Barney of Maryland was appointed 
to the command of the Hyaer Ally. He shortly afterward fell in 

*A privateer is a privately owned vessel which has been authorized by a 
belligerent government to capture ships and supplies of the enemy. 



THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE 121 

with a British sloop-of-war, the General Monk, a vessel better 
armed and better manned than his own. Notwithstanding this 
fact Barney captured the General Monk and carried her a prize to 
Philadelphia, after an engagement which has been spoken of as 
"one of the most brilliant that ever occurred under the American 
flag." Commodore Nicholson and other Marylanders also achieved 
distinction. 

76. Close of the War ; Women of Maryland.— 
With the surrender of Cornwallis the war virtually ended. By in- 
vitation of the state, Annapolis became temporarily the capital of 
the United States. There in the Senate Chamber of the State 
House, December 23, 1783, George Washington surrendered his 
commission to Congress. It was a sad and impressive ceremony, 
as the noble and unselfish chief, after having led his country 
successfully through the long war to the achievement of her in- 
dependence, calmly resigned his high position, and asked only 
to be allowed to return to the privacy and quietude of his home. 

The narrative of the war would not be complete without a 
mention of the noble work of the women of Maryland. Washing- 
ton wrote a personal letter of thanks to Mrs. Mary Lee (wife of 
Governor Lee, of Maryland) for the efforts of the women of the 
state for the relief of the destitute southern army. It is said 
that during a ball, given in honor of Lafayette as he passed 
through Baltimore, the general appeared sad, and on being ques- 
tioned by one of the ladies as to the cause replied, "I cannot 
enjoy the gaiety of the scene while so many of the poor soldiers 
are in want of clothes." "We will supply them," was the reply 
of the fair querist ; and next morning the ball room was trans- 
formed into a clothing manufactory. The ladies of the city, 
old and young, gathered to the task, and much was done to re- 
lieve the suffering of the soldiers. 

77. Maryland's Part in the Winning of Indepen= 
dence. — In the great struggle for independence Maryland had 
indeed borne a noble part, and one of prime importance. In 



122 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

proportion to size and population she furnished far more than her 
just share of soldiers to the army. We have mentioned some of 
the important work done by the troops of Maryland, but not all 
such services have been mentioned, by any means. For instance, 
a splendidly equipped body of riflemen, under the command of 
Captain Michael Cresap, was raised and sent north to join the 
army early in the war; a large number of Marylanders joined the 
body of troops raised in Maryland by Count Pulaski, a Polish 
nobleman who had volunteered in the American cause; and in 
minor engagements many notable exploits were performed by the 
officers and men of Maryland that have not been related here. 

The courage and devotion of the troops of Maryland, the 
skill of their officers, their frequent and telling use of the bay- 
onet, and their inestimable services to their country have already 
been related. It only remains to say that the record of the state 
in other particulars was just as good; while she was so liberal in 
her supplies of troops she was equally energetic and patriotic in 
other respects. To the requests of Congress and of Washington 
for food, clothing, and other necessary supplies, the state re- 
plied as promptly and as cheerfully as to the demands for men, 
which is a good deal more than can be said for some of her sister 
states. 

Thus on the part of her sons and her daughters alike did Mary- 
land nobly play her part in the great struggle for liberty, and 
in the fruits of the glorious victory none were more deserving to 
share than she. 

TOPICS AND QUESTIONS 

67. The Revolutionary War. 

Explain the change of afEairs wrought by the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence. 
Who was the commander-in-chief ? Describe his character. 
What great advantage had the Americans .'' 
Describe the two plans of the British for conquering the country. 

68. The Battle of Long Island; General Plan of Battle; Its Results. 

Position of the Maryland troops ; their noble sacrifice. 



THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE 123 

69. From Long Island to Morristown. 

Services of the old Maryland Line. 

The capital temporarily removed from Philadelphia to Baltimore. 

70. Second Attempt to Conquer New York and Hold the Hudson. 

Plans for the year 1777. Capture of Philadelphia. 

The surrender of Burgoyne. 

Philadelphia evacuated; battle of Monmouth. 

Describe the services of Marylanders at Germantown ; Fort MiflElin ; 

Monmouth. 
Describe the difficulties of the state at home. 

71. Second Plan of Conquering the Country. 

Success of the plan at first. 

72. The Campaign of General Gates. 

Describe the battle of Camden, and the part taken by the troops 
of Maryland. 

73. The Campaign of General Greene. 

Greene's skill as a general ; what he accomplished. 
Surrender of Cornvi^allis ; its importance. 

74. Maryland Troops in the South. 

What was the general character of the services of the Maryland 

troops in the South ? 
Describe the battle of Cowpens, and the part taken by Maryland 

soldiers. 
What important duty was assigned to Otho Holland Williams, 

and how was it performed ? 
Describe the services of Marylanders at Guilford Courthouse ; 
Hobkirk's Hill ; the siege of Ninety-Six ; Eutaw Springs. 
What did General Greene say of Maryland troops and their officers ? 
/5. Naval Operations. 

Services of the navy ; privateers sent out from Baltimore. 
The engagement of the Hyder Ally and the General Monk. 

76. Close of the War; Women of Maryland. 

Annapolis becomes capital of the United States ; Washington 

resigns his commission there. 
Services of the women of Maryland. 

77. Maryland's Part in the Winning of Independence. 

Describe the extent and importance of Maryland's services in the 
Revolutionary War. 



124 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND RESEARCH 

1. Read the Declaration of Independence. Is it true that all men are 

created equal? Explain your answer. Notice the charges 

against the King of England, and see if you can find any specific 
instance of the truth of several of them. Had the colonies any 
legal right to declare themselves independent } Had they a 
right morally? Is it right to disobey a bad law? Have the 
people of Maryland the right, legally, to alter the form of their 
government today? (See Maryland Bill of Rights, Art.l. ) 

2. Can you think of a reason why no battles were fought on Maryland 

soil during the Revolution? 

3. Find on the maps all points mentioned in the text. 

4. Compare the two plans of the British for conquering the colonies. 

Which was the better? Compare the work of the Maryland 
troops in the North and the South. 

5. Discuss the arrangement of troops by Gates for the battle of Cam- 

den. Gates sent off 400 Maryland regulars on other duty 

shortly before the battle, duty that the militia could have per- 
formed ; what might he have done with these troops instead? 
What advantages had the Americans in the character of the field 
of battle? 

6. Write an account of what you have learned in this chapter under the 

title, "Maryland in the Revolutionary War." 

References 

For account of the War of Independence, see any good history of the United 
States. For a fuller account, with excellent descriptions of battles and their 
results, consult Fiske's 'J he Ai>te)i(a>i KfTnlu/iou. For southern campaigns, 
see biographies of General Greene; "Maryland and Nor I li Carolina in the Cam- 
paign i)f rySd-iySi;' by K. G. Daves, Fund Publication No. 33 of the Maryland 
Historical Seciefy: A. A. Gunby's Colonel John Cunbv nf ike ATaryland Line. 
(The Robert Clarke Company, Cincinnati). Many works on United States 
history will suggest themselves as valuable for this period. 

If McSherry's History of Maryland, or Scharf's Hhiory of Maryland. Vol. II. 
is available full details of the part taken by Maryland can be obtained. 



CHAPTER II 

Founding the New Nation 

"The credit of suggesting, and successfully urging in Congress tii at policy 
which has made this country a great national commonwealth . . . belongs 
to Maryland and to her alone."— 

Herbert B. Adams. 

78. The Articles of Confederation. — When the thirteen 
American colonies declared themselves independent of Great 
Britain, each regarded itself as having become free and sovereign. 
Being so intimately associated in many ways, and compelled to 
act in concert to carry on the war, some sort of general government 
was necessary, to which certain powers were delegated by the 
states, while others were reserved to themselves. This was all 
that was aimed at, for as yet there was no strong national senti- 
ment, and each state was very jealous of its independence. A 
form of government to meet the needs of the occasion was pre- 
pared by a committee of Congress, and adopted by that body late 
in the year 1777. This constitution, or form of government, was 
called the Articles of Confederation, and in the course of the 
next fifteen months was accepted by all the states except Mary- 
land. Maryland's refusal to ratify the Articles, says the historian 
Fiske, "was first in the great chain of events which led directly 
to the formation of the Federal Union." 

79. The Attitude of Maryland. — At first sight these 
seem to be rather surprising statements. Why should Maryland 
thus refuse to unite with the other states? Having done so, how 
could that refusal be productive of such tremendous results? In 
order to understand the replies to these questions a few words of 
explanation are necessary. North of the Ohio river, and extend- 
ing to the Great Lakes, stretched a vast expanse of unsettled 
country known as the Northwest Territory. Owing to ignorance of 



126 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

the country and other causes, the grants of land to the various 
colonies by English sovereigns were in many cases conflicting, 
and in some cases preposterously large. Under an old charter, 
Virginia now laid claim to this vast territory northwest of the 
Ohio, while at the same time claims were made by New York, 
Massachusetts, and Connecticut. 

Maryland declared that these claims were neither just nor wise, 
and until they were withdrawn she positively refused to agree to 
the Articles of Confederation. Her statesmen clearly showed the 
harm that might result to other states if the claims of Virginia 
were admitted, and declared that what had been won through the 
efforts of all, should become the common property of the states, 
"subject to be parcelled out by Congress into free, convenient 
and independent governments, in such manner and at such times 
as the wisdom of that assembly shall hereafter direct." Now we 
have further to observe, that during the stormy period which fol- 
lowed the war with England (hereafter to be described), it was the 
common interest in the Northwest Territory which was "perhaps 
the only thing that kept the Union from falling to pieces." As 
the principal influence in holding the states together, it was of 
course most important in the founding of the nation. With ad- 
mirable wisdom and foresight the statesmen of Maryland per- 
ceived the vast importance of the Northwest Territory, and 
declared, in the General Assembly of the state, that the control 
of Congress over the western lands was "essentially necessary for 
rendering the Union lasting." Having thus taken her stand, on 
the grounds of both justice and good policy, Maryland stood firm, 
steadily refusing to accept the Articles of Confederation until 
the states should yield their claims to the United States. The 
importance of Maryland's action now becomes evident. If com- 
mon interest in the Northwest Territory held the states together 
at the close of the war, thus making a national government pos- 
sible, and if Maryland alone so acted as to procure for all the 
states their common interest, then clearly to Maryland must come 



FOUNDING THE NEW NATION 127 

the glory of that mighty event. "Just as it was Massachusetts 
that took the decisive step in bringing on the Revolutionary War 
when she threw the tea into Boston harbor, so it was Maryland 
that, by leading the way toward the creation of a national do- 
main, laid the cornerstone of our Federal Union. "*t 

Having practically accomplished her purpose, Maryland en- 
tered the Union March 1, 1781 ; thus was the wonderfully impor- 
tant work of her statesmen crowned with success, at the very 
moment when her heroic soldiers in the field were taking the de- 
cisive part in the final brilliant movements of General Greene. 

80. "The Critical Period." — The practical workings of the 
Confederation were found to be anything but satisfactory. Con- 
gress was composed of representatives of the states, not of indi- 
vidual citizens. If its requests were not obeyed it had no means 
of enforcing obedience; and it possessed no power of taxation. 
It has been aptly said of the Confederate government that 
it' could declare everything and do nothing. Its weakness is 
shown by the fact that at one time about eighty soldiers of the 
Pennsylvania Line, drunken and mutinous, drove Congress out of 
the city of Philadelphia. 

The sentiment of union among the states was sadly weak. In- 
deed, it is rather hard for us at this day to realize the condition 
of affairs at that time. There was no telegraph or telephone; 
there were no steamboats, no railroads ; a person can now travel from 
Massachusetts to Oregon in less time than it took to travel from Bos- 
ton to Philadelphia in 1783. Mails were very slow and postage 

*Fiske, The Critical Period of American History. 

tWhen new states were formed from the Northwest Territory liberal grrants of 
the public lands were made to them to support education. It has been con- 
tended that since these lands were the common property of the Union, it is an 
unjust discrimination to give to some states and not to others. And by some 
it has been maintained that Maryland, owing to the great service explained in 
the text, has a peculiar claim to a share in such gifts. As long ago as 1821 the 
General Assembly of Maryland resolved that each state was entitled to 
participate in the benefits of the public lands, and that states that had not 
received appropriations were entitled to receive them. These resolutions 
were sent to every state and to the representatives of Maryland in Congress, 
but nothing came of the matter. There is still some agitation of the matter, 
and Dr. E. B. Prettyman of the State Normal School (at Baltimore) has several 
times discussed the question before state and national educational bodies, 



128 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

high. As a natural consequence the states were almost like for- 
eign countries to one another. Manners and customs differed 
greatly in different parts of the country, and many very silly prej- 
udices existed. The mutual jealousies and petty spites of the 
various states had been shown during the war, which indeed had 
at times come near to failure through lack of the sentiment of 
union. 

Now that the war was over, and the pressing necessity for con- 
certed action had ceased, this sentiment was of course weaker 
than ever. Sectional strife increased, threats of secession, oi 
separation, were heard from both North and South, and some- 
times it seemed almost as if there would be civil war. It was 
now that the beneficent effects of Maryland's fight for national 
control of the western lands was felt in its full force, for a com- 
mon interest in the valuable territory held the states together. It 
soon became apparent that something must be done, and done at 
once. 

81. Formation of the Federal Union. — Among the chief 
evils of this period was the commercial war which the states 
waged against one another, by charging high tariff duties on goods 
brought into one state from another. Virginia and Maryland 
found it necessary to come to some agreement for the regulation 
of their commerce, and this was thought a good occasion for a 
general conference of the states on the same subject. A conven- 
tion met at Annapolis in September, 1786, but only five states 
were represented. The convention therefore adjourned without 
discussing the matter, but before doing so, it issued a call for an- 
other convention to meet at Philadelphia and devise some means 
for the improvement of the general government. 

The convention met accordingly in Philadelphia, in May, 1787, 
and adjourned in September of the same year. George Washing- 
ton was elected president of this famous body, which then pro- 
ceeded to abolish the old Confederation, and to frame the system 
of government under which we now live. The Constitution so 



FOUNDING THE NEW NATION 129 

framed was adopted by the states, and on April 30, 1789, 
George Washington became first president of the United States. 
There was much opposition to the new Constitution and its rati- 
fication was opposed by some of the strongest patriots. The states 
seemed to fear that a strong central government would after a time 
become an instrument of tyranny. When the people were once 
convinced that they were not going to sacrifice any of their 
liberties, but were merely going to transfer from the states to a 
national government those powers which it was necessary to exer- 
cise in common, they did not hesitate to adopt the Constitution. 
In Maryland, a convention met at Annapolis on April 21, 1788, 
and five days later ratified the Constitution by a vote 63 to 11.* 

TOPICS AND QUESTIONS 

78. The Articles of Confederation. 

How did the new states regard themselves? 

What necessity for a Union existed? What was done to meet the 

need ? 
What action was taken in this matter by Maryland? Was the 

act of importance ? 

79. The Attitude of Maryland. 

The Northwest Territory; coflicting claims of several states. 

Maryland advances the idea that this territory should be the 
property of all the states, and shows both the justice and good 
policy of the plan. 

The action of Maryland was, in efEect, the laying of the corner- 
stone of the Federal Union. 

Maryland carries her point and enters the Union, March 1, 1781. 

80. " The Critical Period." 

How did the Articles of Confederation work when put into 

practical operation? 
Describe fully the condition of the country under this form of 

government. 

What held the states together? 

♦During (he period covered by this chapter there occurred an event which, 
while not connected with the subject of the chapter, is of too much interest to 
remain unnoticed. On March 14, 1786, James Rumsey of Cecil county, Maryland, 
made a trial trip at Harper's Ferry in a steamboat invented by him. The 
vessel was 80 feet long and operated by drawing water in at the bow and 
forcing it out at the stern. This was more than 20 years before Fulton 
launched the Clermont. 



130 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

81. Formation of the Federal Union. 

Why the convention met at Annapolis in September. 1786. 

A new convention called for the follovi'ing May to meet at Phila- 
delphia. 

The Constitutional Convention meets; George Washington elected 
president. 

The present Constitution framed by the convention and adopted 
by the states. 

George Washington elected first president of the United States. 

Adoption of the Constitution in Maryland. 

QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND RESEARCH 

1. Howf did the English gain their title to the Northwest Territory.' 

How did the Americans gain theirs .' What great states have since 
been formed from the Northwest Territory ? What natural resources 
does this region contain? What facilities for trade.' 

2. Suppose the states of the Union to be entirely independent of one 

another ; try to imagine some of the consequences. Is the law- 
making power of value without the right to attach penalties ? Can 
a government be maintained without the right to impose taxes ? 
Justify the term, "The Critical Period." 

4. Name some of the powers which our Federal Government alone can 
exercise. Name some things which are managed entirely by the 
states. How long has our present system of government lasted ? 
What is a republic.' What is a democracy? What form of gov- 
ernment have the states ? Can one of the states change this form 
of government to another? Could all the states, acting together, 
do so. 

6. Write an essay on "Maryland's Part in Founding the American 
Nation. " 

References 

For a general account of the establishment of our Federal Union, see Fiske's 
The Critical Period of American History. The importance of Maryland's part in 
the great work is explained in this book. For an account devoted particularly 
to the part borne by Maryland, see the masterly essay of Prof. Herbert B. 
Adams on ^^al viand's Influence upon Land Cessions to the United States: this work 
is published in the Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and 
Political Science, Third Series, No. i. 



CHAPTER III 

Internal Affairs and the Second War with England 

82. The State Government. — The organization of a state 
government in Maryland, following the Declaration of Independ- 
ence and the overthrow of the proprietary government, and the 
election of Thomas Johnson as first governor has already been re- 
lated. This new government was successful from the first. After 
an able administration, Governor Johnson was succeeded by 
Thomas Sim Lee, who in turn was succeeded by William Paca in 
1782. In 1785 the noted Revolutionary officer. General William 
Smallwood, was elected governor of the state. Three years later 
he was succeeded by John Eager Howard, who will be remem- 
bered as the hero of Cowpens and a leading spirit in the many 
hard-fought battles in the South. 

83. The Potomac Company : Plans for Opening a 
Trade Route with the Western Part of the State— The 
western part of Maryland was a region of rich resources, abound- 
ing in forests of valuable timber and in rich mines, particularly 
of soft coal. It also possessed excellent soil and a pleasant and 
healthful climate, and after the Indians had ceased to threaten 
the frontiers its population had steadily increased. It was there- 
fore of the highest importance to open up a trade route for 
the natural wealth of this region to the Chesapeake, and thence 
to the markets of the world. 

The Potomac river would naturally suggest itself as a highway 
for this trade, and it is said that as far back as the campaign 
of General Braddock, Washington had considered this very idea, 
and had come to the conclusion that the river might be made 
navigable as far as Fort Cumberland. In 1784 the matter was taken 
up by the legislatures of Virginia and Maryland ; commissioners 
were appointed on both sides, and presently the Potomac Com- 
pany was formed. George Washington was elected first president, 



132 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



and so deeply was he interested that he personally assisted at some 
of the surveys. Of course, it was the idea of the Potomac Company 
to open up the western part of Virginia as well as Maryland. A 
great deal of money was invested in the enterprise, and the work 
was carried on at intervals for many years, but in the end the at- 
tempt had to be given up. The old Potomac Company then be- 
came merged in the Cheaspeake and Ohio Canal Company. The 
history of this organization will be taken up farther on in the 
course of our narrative. 




ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE 

FROM A PHOTOGRAPH 

84. Interest in Education. — Following the end of the war, 
much interest seems to have been taken in education. In 1782 
Washington College was founded at Chestertown on the Eastern 
Shore, and named in honor of our illustrious first president. In 
1784 St. John's College was founded at Annapolis, and in the 



SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND 133 

following year the two were united as the University of Mary- 
land. This arrangement, however, was not completed. King 
William's School (See Sec. 43) was merged in St. John's College. 
These two colleges, Washington and St. John's, are still in exist- 
ence. 

85. Founding the City of Washington.— During former 
years Congress had moved about from city to city according to the 
necessities of the moment. After the establishment of a truly 
national government it became necessary to fix upon a permanent 
capital. After much discussion. Congress finally decided upon 
the Potomac river for its location and Washington was asked to 
select a site for the future seat of government. He chose that of 
the present city of Washington, named for the "Father of his 
Country. ' ' A district ten miles square, on both sides of the river, 
was ceded to the United States by Virginia and Maryland. It was 
provided that the public buildings should be erected on the 
Maryland side, and the part ceded by Virginia was afterwards given 
back to that state. Both Maryland and Virginia appropriated 
large sums of money to be used for the erection of these buildings. 
The cornerstone of the Capitol was laid by Washington on Sep- 
tember 18, 1793, and the seat of government was removed to the 
new capital in June of 1800. 

The War of 1812 

86. Causes of the War.— The Revolutionary War was 
fought for political freedom; the war of 1812 was fought for 
commercial freedom. The British found it difficult to obtain 
enough sailors to serve in their navy, and this want they under- 
took to supply by boldly stopping American vessels on the high 
seas and taking off seamen, under the pretense that they were de- 
serters from the British navy. This was called impressment, 
and the unfortunate men so impressed were cruelly robbed of 
home, friends, and country without the least cause or any chance 
of redress. Such an act, of course, would not now be tolerated 



134 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



for one moment, but it must be remembered that in the begin- 
ning of this century our country was pitiably weak, and we were 
obliged to suffer some bitter wrongs, simply because we were too 
weak to help ourselves. England was mistress of the seas, with 
a navy nearly a hundred times as strong as ours, and for a while 
we suffered in silence. Nevertheless, England's conduct soon 
became so overbearing as to be unendurable, and in June, 1812, 
Congress declared war. 

87. Progress of the War ; Gallant Exploit of Mary= 
landers. — The declaration of war was not approved by all the 

people of the country ; 
most of the party known as 
Federalists opposed it, and 
in New England, where 
trade was interfered with, 
the war was denounced as 
-unnecessary and ruinous, 
and threats of secession 
were heard. The Massa- 
chusetts Senate even de- 
clared the war to be 
"founded on falsehood and 
declared without neces- 
sity." In Maryland the 
Senate resolved "That the 
war waged by the United 
States against Great Bri- 
tain, is just, necessary, and 
politic, and ought to be supported by the united strength and 
resources of the nation, until the grand object is obtained for 
which it was declared." The majority of the Maryland House 
were opposed to the declaration of war, yet they did not hesitate 
to pledge their "lives and fortunes to the public service." 
Baltimore proved itself one of the most zealous and ardently 
patriotic cities in the United States. 




NATHAN TOWSON 

FROM A PHOTOGRAPH OF A PAINTING IN THE GALLERY OF 
THE MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY 



SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND 135 

A newspaper of Baltimore, called the Federal Republican, printed 
an article bitterly denouncing the war and accusing the govern- 
ment of dishonorable and unworthy motives. The result was a 
disgraceful riot, and before the affair was settled the office of the 
newspaper was torn down and several persons killed or wounded. 

The military operations of the war were in general badly man- 
aged and very unsuccessful. An invasion of Canada was attempted 
but the effort ended in failure. During this time the capture of 
two British vessels on lake Erie, the Caledonia and the Detroit, was 
planned by Lieutenant Jesse Duncan Elliott, a young naval officer 
of Maryland. The capture was gallantly executed by Elliott and 
Captain Nathan Towson,''' of Baltimore. At sea the progress of the 
war was much more favorable to the Americans. The ships of our 
navy won a series of brilliant victories, and American privateers 
inflicted immense loss upon British shipping. Of these none 
performed services of greater value than the famous "Baltimore 
clippers," noted for their remarkable swiftness. If they found 
it necessary to fly before a stronger enemy they had no trouble 
in escaping, while if the enemy fled at their approach he had 
little chance of escape. Enormous damage was inflicted upon 
the British in this way. 

88. The War in Maryland; Capture of Washington. 

— In 1813 ten British ships of war under Admiral Cockburn 
entered the Chesapeake. For several months the Admiral 
and his men amused themselves by robbing the inhabitants 
and destroying property on both sides of the bay. Havre de 
Grace and other towns were sacked and burned, and Baltimore 
threatened. Lonely farmhouses and other private property were 
wantonly destroyed. The inhabitants were shamefully abused, 
and even women and children did not escape insult and outrage 
at the hands of these savages. These outrageous proceedings 
were the worse as they served no military purpose whatever. 

*Towson, the county seat of Baltimore county, was named for Captain (after- 
wards General) Towson. 



136 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



They simply increased the hatred of the people for the British, 
and aroused the state and the nation to more determined resist- 
ance. 

In August, 1814, another British fleet arrived in the Chesa- 
peake, commanded by Admiral Cockrane. On board this fleet 
were three thousand veteran soldiers under General Ross. An 
expedition for the capture of Washington was planned at once. 
Sir Peter Parker was sent up the bay with several vessels to threaten 




A BALTIMORE CLIPPER 

FBOM A PHOTOGRAPH OF A PRINT IN POSSESSION OF THE P. DOUGHERTY CO. OF BALTIMORE 

Baltimore and annoy the people as much as possible. Barns 
and crops were burned and other property destroyed. But these 
depredations were not to go unpunished. Near midnight on the 
30th of August about two hundred men landed under Sir Peter 
Parker in person, with the intention of surprising and capturing 
the camp of Lieutenant Colonel Philip Reed, consisting of about 
one hundred and seventy men of a Maryland regiment. The two 
little armies met on what is known as Caulk's Field, about nine 



SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND 137 

miles from Chestertown, and the British were not only driven 
back with loss but Sir Peter Parker himself was killed. A mon- 
ument was erected on Caulk's Field in the autumn of 1902, to 
the memory of Philip Reed. 

In the meantime the main body of British moved up the Patux- 
ent river. On their approach Commodore Barney, whose flotilla 
was lying in the river, ordered his vessels to be burned to keep 
them from falling into the hands of the enemy. He and his men 
then joined the force under General Winder, who was preparing 
to resist the attack of Ross. No adequate preparations had been 
made for the defense of the capital. General William H. Winder 
was placed in command of this department, but his force con- 
sisted of a mere handful of regulars, the rest of his troops being 
militia from Maryland, Virginia, and the District of Columbia. 
They were met by the British at Bladensburg and quickly routed, 
the militia making hardly any resistance. Indeed, the principal 
defense was made by the gallant crews of Commodore Barney, 
the latter being finally wounded and taken prisoner. Ross now 
pushed on and entered Washington, where he seized or de- 
stroyed much private property and burned the Capitol and other 
public buildings. 

89. The Attack on Baltimore. — The British now turned 
their attention to Baltimore. When it was known that they were 
coming all ordinary work ceased and everybody began to drill or 
to work on the defenses. Breastworks were rapidly thrown up 
across the eastern part of the city. The approaches to the city 
by water were guarded by Fort McHenry, at the extremity of 
Whetstone Point at the mouth of the Northwest Branch of the 
Patapsco; by batteries on Lazaretto Point opposite; and by bat- 
teries erected in the rear of the fort. The officer in command 
of the army was General Samuel Smith, noted for his heroic de- 
fense of Fort Mifflin (See Sec. 70); in charge of the two divisions 
were Generals Winder and Strieker. The fort was commanded by 
Major Armistead. 



138 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



By seven o'clock on the morning of September 12, 1814, about 
eight or nine thousand British troops had landed on North Point, 
at the mouth of the Patapsco. The vessels moved up the river to 
attack Fort McHenry. General Strieker, in command of the 
Baltimore militia, moved toward North Point on the evening of 
the eleventh, and on the morning of the twelfth formed a line of 
battle, with his right flank resting on Bear creek and his left 




FORT McHENRY 

FROM A PHOTOGRAPH 



covered by a marsh. The British marched boldly to the attack, 
but the struggle had hardly commenced when General Ross him- 
self fell, mortally wounded. The inexperienced militia bravely 
held their ground against the superior force of trained soldiers 
until the attack had been thoroughly checked. They then retired 
to the defenses nearer the city. This engagement is known as 
the battle of North Point. Further fighting was postponed until 
















^ c., ^.<0_^^ ..^ — ^' ^-^ J^^ A^ /r^'^yi./^.^-yi^ 







THE STAR-SPANGLED BANNER 
FROM A PHOTOGRAPH OF THE 0RI3I.ML MANUSCRIPT, IN POSSESSION OF MRS. REBECCA LLOYD SHIPPEM OF BALTIMORE 



140 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



the fleet should pass Fort McHenry and be able to co-operate with 
the army, but this was an event that never occurred. 

At sunrise on the thirteenth of September the British fleet 
opened fire on Fort McHenry, which could make no reply, the 
vessels of the fleet having stationed themselves out of range. 
Attempts were made to send vessels and troops nearer to the fort, 
but they were repulsed with great slaughter. All that day shot 
and shell rained upon the devoted fort; the sun sank and dark- 
ness fell, but the roar of cannon and the screech of shell had not 
ceased. There was something singularly impressive and awful in 

the sullen silence of the 
fort. Now, however, the 
Stars and Stripes that had 
waved in calm defiance 
throughout the day were 
hidden by the darkness, and 
when the firing suddenly 
ceased before morning no 
one could tell whether the 
fort had surrendered or not. 
But the first rays of the 
rising sun showed that our 
flag was still there, floating 
in calm triumph in the 
morning breeze. Thous- 
ands of hearts bounded 
with pride and joy. The 
attack on Baltimore was at 
an end and the defeated 
enemy in full retreat. 
90. The Star Spangled Banner. — The feelings excited by 
these stirring events was expressed by Francis Scott Key in the 
famous national song, "The Star Spangled Banner." Before the 
bombardment began, Key had gone out to the fleet to obtain the 




FRANCIS SCOTT KEY 

FROM A PHOTOGRAPH OF A PORTRAIT IN POSSESSION OF 

MISS ALICE KEY BLOUNT OF BALTIMORE 



SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND 141 

release of a friend who had been captured, and he was detained 
until the attack was over. Pacing up and down the deck of the 
vessel, during that night of terrible suspense, he composed the 
famous song, making a few notes on the back of a letter. It was 
not long until people all over the country were singing its patriotic 
words (See Sec. 121 and Appendix D). 

91. The End of the War.— On the 24th of December, 
1814, a treaty of peace was signed between the United States 
and Great Britain. This is the last war we have had with Eng- 
land, and probably it is the last we shall ever have. The right of 
our ships to sail the seas unmolested has not been again 

questioned. 

TOPICS AND QUESTIONS 

82. The State Government. 

Early governors of the state. 

83. The Potomac Company; Plans for Opening a t.ade route with the 

Western Pa.t of the State. 

Explain the need of a trade route from Western Maryland to the 

Chesapeake Bay. 
What attempt was made to establish such a route? 
How did the attempt end? 

84. Interest in Education. 

Tell about the first University of Maryland. 

85. Founding the City of Washington. 

The necessity for a permanent capital. 

Washington chooses a sight on the Potomac River. 

Territory ceded by Virginia and Maryland ; Virginia's part ceded 

back. 
Government transferred to the City of Washington, June, 1800. 

THE WAR OF 1SI2 

86. Causes of the War. 

Explain the causes of the War of 1812. 
Why was the war so long delayed ? 

87. Progress of the War ; Gallant Exploit of Marylanders. 

Opposition to the War. 

Contrast the attitude of Maryland with that of the New England 
States. 
A riot in Baltimore, causing loss of life and destruction of property. 



142 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

Military operations of the war generally unsuccessful. 

Capture of the Caledonia and the Detroit. 

Brilliant victories won by the navy. 

Services of the privateers; the "Baltimore Clippers." 

88. The War in Maryland ; Capture of Washington. 

The depredations of Admiral Cockburn and their effect. 

Arrival of second fleet under Admiral Cockrane, bringing General 

Ross and three thousand troops. 
The battle of Bladensburg. 
Washington captured and the public buildings destroyed. 

89. The Attack on Baltimore. 

The defenses of Baltimore ; generals in command of troops. 
The battle of North Point ; advance of the British checked. 
Bombardment of Fort McHenry. 
The British give up the attempt to capture the city. 

90. The Star Spangled Banner. 

Francis Scott Key detained on the British fleet. 

He composes the famous national song during the night of suspense. 

91. The End of the War. 

Treaty of peace signed, December 24, 1814. 

QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND RESEARCH 

1. What famous Marylanders were both statesmen and soldiers .' 

2. Trace on the map (a) the course of the Potomac River as far as Cum- 

berland ; (b) the route of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal ; (c) the 
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Had the Potomac been made nav- 
igable to Cumberland, what effect would this probably have had on 
Baltimore City ? What is the effect of the railroad on Baltimore? 

3. Do Washington College and St. John's College o'btain state aid at the 

present time.-* If so, in what way is it granted .-' 

4. Was the site of Washington wisely chosen for the national capital? 

Give reasons for your answer. If wisely chosen at the time, can 
you suggest a better location for the present time? State reasons 
for and against a change. 

5. Will our government protect us on the sea and in foreign countries 

as well as at home? If you were ill-treated in some way while 
on a visit to France, to whom would you apply for redress ? 

References 

See any standard history of the United States, or of the war ]81"i. If available, 
consult Scharf's History of Maryland. Vol. III. 



CHAPTER IV 

Public Improvements ;--The Mexican War 

92. Introduction.— We have already considered the re- 
sources of the western section of Maryland and the need of a 
trade route between this part of the state and Chesapeake bay. 
The Potomac Company was organized to open such a route, but the 
scheme of opening up the Potomac to navigation proved impos- 
sible of accomplishment. Up to the time of the war the com- 
merce of the state increased immensely, the value of exports -in- 
creasing perhaps six or seven times. The need for commercial 
facilities of a better kind grew constantly, and the proposed trade 
route between the west and the east of the state became of the 
highest importance to both sections. During the war, schemes 
of improvement were for the time laid aside, and commerce 
necessarily suspended to a great extent. But with the close of 
the war began a new era of prosperity and development, followed 
by the needed improvements, whose history we have now to trace. 
93. "The Monumental City."— On the fourth of July, 
1815, the cornerstone of a fine monument to the memory of 
George Washington was laid. The monument, built by the state 
of Maryland, is situated on North Charles street, in the city of 
Baltimore. It was completed in 1829, is built of white Mary- 
land marble, and is in all 164 feet high. It rests on a marble 
base 50 feet square and 24 feet high, and is surmounted by a 
statue, 16 feet in height, of Washington, represented in the act 
of resigning his commission. This was the first worthy monu- 
ment erected to the memory of the "Father of his Country." 

On the first anniversary of the British attack on Baltimore the 
cornerstone of a monument to the memory of the city's defenders 




WASHINGTON'S MONUMENT, BALTIMORE 

FROM A PHOTOGRAPH 



PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS 



145 



at North Point and Fort McHenry was laid. This is known 
as the Battle Monument. A large number of monuments have 
since been erected in Baltimore, and on this account, as well 
as because the city raised the first notable monument to George 
Washington, Baltimore is often called the "Monumental City." 




BATTLE MONUMENT 

FROM A PHOTOGRAPH 



94. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. — Although fit 
proved to be impossible to carry out the plans of the old Potomac 
Company for opening up the Potomac river, yet the project of 
establishing a trade route along that stream was far too important 
to be given up. It was not merely a question of providing an 
outlet for the rich region of Western Maryland, but there was a 
chance to bring through the state a large and valuable western 
trade as well. The next thing thought of to supply the need was 



146 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



a canal, and after much discussion, the Chesapeake and Ohio 
Canal Company was formed in 1824. This company undertook to 

construct a 
canal from 
Georgetown, on 
the Potomac, 
to the Ohio 
river. From 
Georgetown, 
vessels could 
reach the Ches- 
apeake by way 
of the Potomac 
river. The 
canal was finally 
"completed as 
far as Cumber- 
land. 

There was also 
much talk of 
cutting a canal 
to connect Bal- 
timore with the 
Chesapeake and 
Ohio canal, as it 
was feared that 
the western 
tradewouldpass 
the city by; but 
it was consid- 

*BALTIMORE & OHIO R R., AND CHESAPEAKE* OHIO CANAL. ^^ dOUbtful 

AT PciNT OF R0CK3, MARYLAND WhCther SUCh SL 

plan was practicable, and the proposed canal Vv^as never begun. 

*Cut furnished bv B. & O. R. R. 




PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS 



147 




95. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. — The citizens of 
Baltimore fully realized the danger of missing the large and profita- 
ble trade of the west, as well as its 
value to them in case they could 
get it to flow through their city. 
They accordingly cast about 
for some means of bringing this 
trade to Baltimore. A committee, 
"^ composed of Philip E.Thomas and 

♦method CF TRAVEL ON BALTIMORE & 

OHIO R. R. IN 1829 Other prominent gentlemen, was 

appointed to consider the matter, and they recommended that a 

double railroad be constructed from Baltimore to some suitable 

point on the Ohio river. 
Now at first sight this 

may seem very simple and 

natural, but really the plan 

showed great wisdom, fore- 
sight, and progressiveness 

on the part of its projectors ; 

for at that time railroads 

were not in use in America, 

and the first passenger 

railroad in the world (the 

Liverpool and Manchester Railway, in England) had been com- 
menced but two years 
before and was not yet 
in successful operation. A 
company to put this plan 
of the committee into 
operation was nevertheless 
formed, called the Balti- 
more and Ohio Railroad 
Company, and Philip E. 




*THE DAVIS GRASSHOPPER " TYPE OF 
LOCOMOTIVE ON B. & O. R. R., 1832 




*WINAN'3 "mud digger," 1836 



*Cut furnished bv B. & O. R. R. 



148 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 




Thomas was made its first president. From a discovery made in 
England by Mr. William Gibson (recently of the B. & O. R. R.) 
it appears that a representative was actually sent to England to 
make personal investigations. 

The ceremony of break- 
ing ground was performed 
^. on the fourth of July, 1828, 
by the aged Charles Carroll 
of Carrollton, then more 
than ninety years of age, 
and the last living signer 
*THEB.&o. "camel BACK" LOCOMOTIVE, 1850 of the Declaration of 

Independence. "I consider this among the most important acts 
of my life," exclaimed the venerable ratriot, as he struck the 
spade into the earth, "sec- 
ond only to that of signing 
the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence, if second even 
to that." 

Although horses were at 
first used to draw the cars, 
steam was soon applied. 
Peter Cooper, who owned large iron Vv'orks near Canton, Baltimore, 
built a small locomotive, very little larger than an ordinary 

workman's hand- 
car of the present 
day. The first 
trip was made on 
August 28, 1830, 
from Baltimore to 
Ellicott's Mills 

*rYP£ OF PASSENGER LOCOVOTIVE, 1903 (nOW E 1 1 1 C O t t 

City), and was entirely successful. The return trip of 

*Cut furnished bv li. 6c O. R. R. 




nAYES ■ DUTCH WAGON." 1852 




PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS 



149 



thirteen miles was made in fifty-seven minutes. In 1852 
the road was completed to Wheeling, on the Ohio river, 
and on New Year's day, 1853, the first train passed over the road. 



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i'KTKR CoOlhK'S I.'pCOMi>T1\ i; 



PETER COOPER'S LOCOVOTIVE 

FROM 1IREMINISCENCE8 OF HALF A CENTURY," READ BEFORE "THE NEW YORK RAILROAD CLUB" 

BY M. N. FORNEY, MAY 16, 1902 

96. Financial Distresses. — The Bank of Maryland, owing 
to a change of policy on the part of the national government, was 
obliged to stop business in 1834. Many of the depositors were 
poor persons, who naturally became much alarmed at the thought 
of losing the little they possessed; but great confidence was felt 
in the officers of the bank and the people waited patiently for 
some months. Then a violent quarrel arose among the officers 



PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS 



151 



of the bank, and the confidence of the depositors was quickly lost. 
Riots followed, in the course of which the houses of several of the 
directors of the bank and that of the mayor of the city (Balti- 
more) were broken open and much valuable property destroyed. 
For a time the mob held absolute control, but companies of cit- 
izens were soon formed for the preservation of the peace, under 
the leadership of General Samuel Smith, and the troubles were 

promptly quelled. 

Two years later a great wave of financial distress swept over the 
whole country; business houses and banks failed from one end 
of the Union to the other. Some states refused to pay the in- 
terest on their debts that was legally due. The public improve- 
ments going on in Maryland, particularly the canal and the 
railroad companies, had been repeatedly aided by the state. In 
proportion to the population, the expenditures had been simply 
enormous. In the desperate condition that now confronted the 
state her credit and honor were preserved by Mr. George Fea- 
body, a wealthy and patriotic merchant who had laid the founda- 
tion of a great fortune in Baltimore. He secured a loan m Lon- 
don, supporting Maryland credit with his own fortune and influ- 
ence, yet he nobly refused all pay for his great and important 
services. 

97 The First Telegraph Line.- In 1844 the first tele- 
graph line was built, between Baltimore and Washington. This 
was the invention of Professor Samuel F. B. Morse, and has 
been of the highest importance in the development of 

our country. . 

98 Government Reforms.-The many changes that took 
place after the adoption of the Constitution of 1776 (SeeSec^61) 
gave rise to much dissatisfaction with that instrument. Each 
county sent the same number of delegates to the Assembly, 
four, while Baltimore and Annapolis sent half as many,"_two 
each At that time the counties were nearly equal m population, 
and Baltimore was only a moderately large town. But the western 



152 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

counties soon came to have large populations, while Baltimore, 
which was made a city in 1797, grew to be a large and import- 
ant center. It thus happened that a minority of the people 
could control the state government. This came to be a great 
grievance, and after much effort the Constitution, in 1837, was 
revised. Representation was more fairly apportioned ; the counties 
sent delegates according to population, Annapolis lost her dele- 
gates, and Baltimore sent the same number as the largest counties. 
The electoral college was abolished, and the election of the senators 
given to the people. The governor's council was abolished, and 
the governor elected by the people. 

In 1810 the property qualification for voting and holding office 
was abolished; in 1825, Jews, who before this time were not 
allowed to hold any public office, were placed on the same footing 
with Christians; and in 1846 the sessions of the General Assem- 
bly were made biennial. The old Constitution having become 
"a thing of shreds and patches," a new one was adopted by the 
people in 1851. The term of the governor and of senators was 
made four years, and the judges and many other officers were to 
be elected by the people. Imprisonment for debt was abolished. 
It is apparent that the general tendency of all these reform move- 
ments was to place the control of affairs more directly in the hands 
of the people, and to render the government more truly free and 
republican. 

99. The War with Mexico. — Our present state of Texas was 
formerly a part of Mexico. Its inhabitants rebelled against the 
government of that country, and succeeded in establishing an in- 
dependent republic. This republic asked to be annexed to the 
United States. The request being granted, a dispute ensued over 
the boundary between Mexico and Texas, which led to a war be- 
tween the United States and Mexico. Congress declared war in 
May, 1846. 

In the course of this war no officers performed their duties with 
more spirit, devotion, and intelligence than those of Maryland. At 



THE MEXICAN WAR 



153 



the battle of Palo Alto, Major Samuel Ringgold of Maryland, who 
commanded the artillery, was mortally wounded. His skill and 
bravery were of [cardinal importance in winning victory for the 

Americans. Colonel 
William H. Watson 
of Maryland was 
killed while leading 
his regiment to the 
assault at Monterey. 
After the capture of 
Monterey, Lieu- 
tenant Randolph 
Ridgely, who had 
succeeded to Major 
Ringgold's com- 
mand, was killed by 
a fall from his horse. 
He served with dis- 
tinguished skill and 
valor, and his death 
was regarded as a ser- 
ious loss to the 
American army. 
Captain John Eager Howard, a grandson of the Revolutionary 
hero, won much honor for his courage and spirit. In this war 
Maryland's reputation for the personal gallantry and good conduct 
of her soldiers was fully sustained. 

TOPICS AND QUESTIONS 

92. Introduction. 

Increase of Maryland's commerce. 

93. " The Monumental City." 

Describe the monument to Washington erected in Baltimore. 

What does the Battle Monument commemorate ? 

*Rrected in Baltimore by the Association of the Veterans of the Mexican War, 
to the memory of JIaryland Soldiers who perished in the Mexican War. The cut 
is from a photograph of a model furnished by the sculptor, Mr. Edward Berge. 




A-^ 



\ 



"MEXICAN WAR MONUVENT 



154 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

Why is Baltimore called the Monumental City? 

94. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. 

Formation of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company ; its plans. 
How far were the plans successful .' 

95. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 

The citizens of Baltimore decide to connect Baltimore with the 
Ohio river by means of a railroad ; wisdom of the plan. 

Formation of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company. 

The work begun by Charles Carroll ; his opinion of its importance. 

Steam used ; the engine of Peter Cooper, and the trial trip to Elli- 
cott City. 

The road completed to the Ohio, 1852. 

96. Financial Distresses. 

Failure of the Bank of Maryland. 

Riots occur, and serious loss of property results ; the riots 

quelled by General Samuel Smith. 
The heavy expenditures of Maryland for public improvements. 
The credit of the state saved by George Peabody. 

97. The First Telegraph Line. 

Location of the first telegraph line. 

98. Government Reforms. 

What changes were made by the amendments to the Constitution 

in 1837 ? 
What other changes were made later? 
What changes were made by the constitution of 1851? 
What was the general effect of all these changes ? 

99. The War with Mexico. 

State the cause of the Mexican War. 

Give an account of the services of Marylanders in this war. 

QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND RESEARCH 

1. Is it well to erect monuments to the memory of illustrious 

men ? Give reasons for your answer. What is the largest mon- 
ument in the world? 

2. Name some other railroads in Maryland at the present time besides 

the Baltimore and Ohio. What is the route of each you have 
named? Explain in detail how a railroad benefits the country 
through which it is built. Name four large cities along the line 
of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in Maryland. 



THE MEXICAN WAR 155 

3. State some of the advantages of the telegraph. Show how it 
strengthens the union of the states of our country. Express 
your opinion of the various changes made in the government of 
Maryland, as described in section 98. 

References 

If available, see Scharf's Maixland, Vol. III. For constitutional changes see 
Steiner's Institutions and Civil Government of .\raryland, pp. VZ-\a. For a full 
account of the C. & O. Canal, see Dr. G. W. Ward's Early Development of the 
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Project, in the J. H. U. Studies in Historical and 
Political Science, Seventeenth Series, ix-x-xi. 



CHAPTER V 

Slavery and the Civil War 

100. Introduction. — We have now reached the saddest part 
of our story^ — the time when the people of our country were 
to meet on the deadly battle field, not to repel a foreign enemy, 
but in bloody strife with one another. War is always terrible, 
even when waged against a foreign nation, and in defense of 
home and country; it is infinitely more terrible when a nation 
becomes divided in civil war, when relatives and friends are 
arrayed under opposing standards, and even brothers meet in 
deadly combat. It is therefore painful even to look back upon 
this unfortunate period of our history, and in studying about it 
we should try to free ourselves from all feeling of bitterness and 
prejudice. There is here simply a record of the most important 
points of Maryland's connection with the great struggle. The 
bitter feelings of anger and hatred that the war naturally excited 
are now practically all allayed, and our people are again united; 
it should be our effort to perpetuate this friendly feeling in every 
possible way, to look back upon the wrongs and mistakes com- 
mitted by both sides in the great civil war with no other feel- 
ings than those of pity and regret, and to take care ourselves that 
no repetition of these sad occurrences ever be possible. 

101. Negro Slavery. — Very early in the history of our 
country slaves were introduced, and gradually came to be held 
throughout the country. As the population increased and the 
condition of the various sections of the country became fixed, the 
people of the North engaged largely in commerce and manufac- 
turing, while those of the South were occupied almost entirely 
with agriculture. To the people of the North slavery was of little 



SLAVERY AND THE CIVIL WAR 157 

or no use, and gradually the institution was abolished; in the 
South, on the other hand, slave labor was very valuable, and 
slavery was therefore retained. 

102. The Maryland Colonization Society. — There were, 
however, many people in the South who favored the gradual eman- 
cipation of the slaves, and efforts to accomplish this end were 
made, particularly in Maryland. No state made greater efforts to 
improve the condition of the negro. In 1790 there were 8,043 
free negroes in the state; by 1860 there were 83,718, only 3,470 
less than the slave population. The proportion of slaves to free 
negroes had been reduced from 12.81 to 1.04. 

Early in the century the American Colonization Society was 
formed for the purpose of planting colonies of free negroes in 
Africa. A similar organization was formed in Maryland in January, 
1831, called "The Maryland State Colonization Society." Soon 
afterward a colony was sent out to Liberia, a piece of territory on 
the western coast of Africa. The following is a resolution 
adopted by the Society: "That the Maryland State Colonization 
Society look forward to the extirpation of slavery in Maryland, 
by proper and gradual efforts addressed to the understanding and 
experience of the people of the state, as the peculiar object of 
their labors." This they thought could best be accomplished 
by colonization, and it is worth noting that the use of intoxica- 
ting liquors was forbidden, either by the employes of the Society 
or the emigrants. The Society was liberally aided by the state, 
and succeeded in establishing a prosperous colony, which was 
known as "Maryland in Liberia." This colony was given a re- 
publican form of government, and finally granted independence. 
It was afterward united by treaty with Liberia, and became 
known as Maryland county. 

103. The Controversy over Slavery between the 
North and South. — The regulation of slavery was not, how- 
ever, left to the states to manage in their own way. A party 
arose in the north called Abolitionists, who declared that slavery 



158 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

was a great moral wrong and ought to be abolished by the 
national government. Other things occurred, also, to anger the 
people of the South, and to check the emancipation movements 
already in progress. 

The increase of national territory was closely connected with 
the slavery question. At the close of the Revolutionary War our 
territory extended to the Mississippi; as time went on it 
gradually extended across the continent to the Pacific. A party 
was formed in the North, called the Republican, for the purpose 
of prohibiting slavery in the territories, on the ground that it 
was morally wrong. The people of the South, supported by a de- 
cision of the United States Supreme Court, claimed the right to 
take their slaves with them wherever they pleased, just as they 
could take any other property. So here were the elements of a 
fatal quarrel. In 1860 the Republican party nominated Abraham 
Lincoln for the presidency, and he was elected. It was the elec- 
tion of Lincoln that precipitated the Civil War. 

104. States* Rights; Secession of Southern States. — 
From the time when the Federal Union was formed there had 
been much difference of opinion about the powers that belonged 
to the general government and those which were retained by the 
states. Many persons believed that a state had the right to "se- 
cede," or withdraw from the Union into which it had entered, 
while others thought that once in the Union a state was obliged 
to remain there. In the early history of the United States threats 
of secession were often heard both from Northern and Southern 
states. The right to secede was now claimed and actually exer- 
cised. 

Many of the Southern leaders declared that the interests of the 
South were no longer safe in the Union after the election of 
Lincoln, and shortly after that event South Carolina, Georgia, 
Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas seceded from 
the Union. Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina, 
though remaining in the Union for the time, did not think the 



SLAVERY AND THE CIVIL WAR 159 

Federal Government had the right to use force against a seceding 
state, and when compelled to choose they joined the South. 

These states organized a new government, called the Confed- 
erate States of America. The result was the Civil War, between 
the North and the South, the greatest war of modern times. 

105. The Position of Maryland. — How did Maryland 
stand in the terrible struggle now about to begin? No other 
state occupied a more difficult position. As a Southern state, 
with a large population of slaves, and bound to the South by 
countless ties, social, political, and commercial, Maryland natural- 
ly sympathized with the South. Yet at the same time, as in all 
the border states, there was the greatest difference of opinion 
among her people. Many people were in favor of seceding from 
the Union and joining the Confederacy, while others were 
strongly attached to the Union and regarded the action of the 
South as treason and rebellion. Still others favored the cause of 
the South, but thought that prudence should restrain the state from 
takingthat side; for Maryland was separated from the Southern states 
by the Potomac, while on the North she lay exposed, and her 
bay and rivers invited attack by the Federal fleets. More impor- 
tant still, the Federal capital was situated within the geograph- 
ical bounds of the state. Hence the national government was 
certain to make the greatest efforts to prevent Maryland from 
taking the side of the South. Fearful suffering and perhaps 
ruin awaited a union with the South, and hence many Southern 
sympathizers were unwilling that the state should thus endanger 
herself. There were still others who did not believe in the right 
of secession, but who thought the Federal government had no 
right to use force to prevent a state from seceding, while some 
believed in the right but did not think the circumstances were 
such as to demand its exercise. Under these circumstances there 
was some effort to assume a neutral attitude, but it soon became 
plain that such a thing was impossible. The considerations of 



160 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

prudence, aided by the strong arm of the Federal government, 
prevailed, and Maryland remained in the Union. 

106. The War for the Union.— In April, 1861, hos- 
tilities commenced with the bombardment and capture of Fort 
Sumpter, in Charleston harbor, by the Confederates. President 
Lincoln immediately issued a call for 75,000 men to "put down the 
rebellion," and the call was promptly and enthusiastically 
answered by the Northern states. The struggle which ensued 
between the armies of the two sections of our unhappy country 
was of the most desperate and terrible character. The record of 
the various campaigns and battles belongs to the history of the 
United States, and forms no part of our own narrative. General 
Robert E. Lee, the commander-in-chief of the Southern army, was 
in the end obliged to surrender to General Grant, in command of 
the Federal armies, and the war thus came to an end with victory 
for the North. We have now to note the more important points 
of Maryland's connection with the great conflict. 

107. First Bloodshed of the War. — A body of Northern 
troops, the sixth Massachusetts regiment, passed through Balti- 
more on the nineteenth of April, 1861, on their way to Washing- 
ton. A terrible riot ensued. An excited mob surrounded the 
soldiers, and began pelting them with stones and other missiles, 
thereby wounding several. In return the soldiers fired a number 
of times upon the crowd of angry people, and many persons were 
killed and wounded on both sides. A serious conflict was 
averted only by the bravery and energy of the mayor and the 
marshal of police, who finally, at great risk to themselves, managed 
to keep back the mob. 

The greatest excitement now prevailed in Baltimore city. It 
was known that other bodies of troops were on their way south, 
and it seemed evident that they could not pass through Baltimore 
without a bloody conflict. To prevent this the bridges to the 
north and east of the city were destroyed, and by request of the 
governor of Maryland and the mayor of Baltimore city, the 



SLAVERY AND THE CIVIL WAR 161 

president ordered that troops on the way to Washington should not 
approach Baltimore. 

108. Maryland Occupied by Federal Troops; Acts of 
Oppression. — Maryland, though she remained in the Union 
and was called a "loyal" state, was in many respects treated like 
a conquered province. In May General B. F. Butler seized Fed- 
eral Hill by night, and batteries were erected overlooking the 
city. Soldiers were soon stationed at important points all over 
the state, and the civil authorities were obliged to take second 
place. 

The unfortunate results of a substitution of military for civil 
rule, of the reign of force instead of law, were now to be seen. 
In May Mr. John Merryman of Baltimore county was arrested by 
the military authorities on a charge of treason, and imprisoned 
in Fort McHenry. Chief Justice Taney*, of the Supreme Court 
of the United States, issued, at the request of the prisoner, a writ 
of habeas corpus. This famous writ is regarded as one of the 
greatest safeguards of personal liberty. When a person is arrested 
and imprisoned, he may apply to a court of justice and obtain a 
writ of habeas corpus. This is an order from the court, com- 
manding the prisoner to be brought before the court, and cause 
for his detention shown. If there is not sufficient evidence to 
justify his being held for trial the judge is bound to set him free. 
The general in command refused to obey the writ of Justice 
Taney, and when a United States marshal attempted to arrest him 
for contempt of court, the latter was kept out of the fort and not al- 
lowed to perform his duty. The general declared that he had 
been authorized by the president to suspend the writ of habeas 
corpus. The chief justice then filed in the Supreme Court an 
opinion in the case, declaring that under the Federal Constitution 

* Chief Justice Tanej- was a native of Calvert county, Maryland. He was a 
man of high character and profound legal knowledge. Before becoming chief 
justice he served in Maryland as delegate and senator in the Assemblv as 
attorney-general of Maryland, as attorney-general of the United States, and as 
secretary of the treasury of the United States. In ]83t) he was appointed chief 
justice of the Supreme Court by President Jackson. 



162 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



Congress alone has the power to suspend the writ of habeas cor- 
pus. No attention was paid to this'decision by the government, 
however, and the prisoner was held in confinement. The General 
Assembly of Maryland then in session declared, "We deem the 
writ of habeas corpus the great safeguard of personal liberty; and 
we view with alarm and indignation the exercise of despotic 
power that has dared to suspend it." 

The military authorities assumed full control. In Baltimore 
a provost-marshal was appointed, and the commissioners of police 

were seized and imprisoned. 
They were first imprisoned in 
Fort Lafayette, New York, 
and afterwards in Fort War- 
ren, Boston harbor. In their 
case, as in that of Mr. Merry- 
man, the writ of habeas corpus 
was disobeyedby the military au- 
thorities. The legislature pro- 
tested against these things, and 
adjourned to meet in September. 
Before that time the members 
from Baltimore county and Bal- 
timore city, together with the 
mayor of Baltimore city, were 
arrested by order of the secretary 
of war and sent to Fort Warren. There they were kept in con- 
finement for more than a year, without any public charge being 
preferred against them. All suspected persons were arrested, 
some took advantage of- the occasion to denounce their personal 
enemies, and both men and women were seized and imprisoned 
without any chance to defend themselves. Judge Carmichael, of 
Queen Anne's county, was arrested while presiding over court, 
dragged from the bench by soldiers, and severely wounded. 




ROGER B. TANEY 

FROM A PHOTOGRAPH OF AN ENGRAVING IN THE 
GALLERY OF THE MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY 



SLAVERY AND THE CIVIL WAR 



163 



Some of these acts were doubtless necessary for the protection 
of Federal interests, while others were simply abuses of power. 
But all alike will serve to show the misfortunes that are sure to 
follow war and the rule of force, and their lesson to us is that 
every possible effort should be made to adjust difficulties in a 
peaceable, orderly, and lawful manner before resorting to any kind 
of force. It is for us to regret such things in the past, and to 
prevent them in the future. 

109. Maryland Troops in the War; Invasions of the 
State. — Thousands of Maryland men fought on both sides during 
. ' the war, and their record fully sus- 

tained the reputation of Maryland 
soldiers. When the president issued 
his call for volunteers there was a 
prompt response in Maryland, and the 
troops so raised were formed into a 
regiment under Colonel John R. Kenly. 
By the close of the war nearly fifty 
thousand men of Maryland had served 
in the Federal armies. These, how- 
ever, were not all serving voluntarily. 
Volunteers came forward too slowly for 
the Federal government, and after 
a time a conscription, or draft, was 
resorted to; that is, men were forcibly 
put into the army. Throughout the war the Maryland soldiers 
acquitted themselves creditably. 

Those who fought under the banner of the South were of course 
volunteers, and in most cases it was an undertaking of great diffi- 
culty and danger for them to reach the Southern lines. Notwith- 
standing this fact many thousands of Marylanders did join the 
armies of the South and fought with courage and devotion through- 
out the war. Most of these soldiers fought with the forces of 
other state?, and so left no record as an organization, but a small 




JOHN R. KENLY 

FROM A PHOTOGRAPH LENT BY 
COL. GEO. W. F. VERNON OF BALTIMORE 



164 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



command was organized, including infantry, cavalry, and artil- 
lery; this was called the Maryland Line, and was under the com- 
mand of Colonel Bradley T. Johnson. The Maryland troops under 
Colonel Johnson were with General "Stonewall" Jackson in his 
remarkably brilliant campaign in the Shenandoah valley, and 
served with distinction. 

At Front Royal, on the Shenandoah, the Maryland regiments of 
Colonels Johnson and Kenly met on the field of battle. The most 
determined bravery was shown by both sides, but the victory was 

with the__Confederates, and Kenly and 
his men were finally defeated and cap- 
tured. When the prisoners were 
standing in line next morning friends 
and relatives recognized each other, 
and greetings and hand-shakings were 
exchanged between those who had a 
few hours before been seeking each 
others lives. Such occurrences are not 
extraordinary in civil war. In Sep- 
tember, 1862, the Confederate general, 
Lee, invaded Maryland and occupied 
Frederick. There he issued an 
address, inviting the people of 
Maryland to enroll themselves under the standard of the Confed- 
eracy. But few responded, for the sentiment of the people in the 
west of the state was largely in favor of the North, while many 
who would willingly have given sympathy or aid were restrained 
by considerations of prudence. Lee was attacked by the Union 
army under General McClellan at South Mountain, and defeated. 
On the 17th of September the armies of Lee and McClellan met 
on the field of Antietam, and in the terrible battle that followed 
more than 25,000 men were killed and wounded. Although the 
Confederates were outnumbered two to one, Lee managed to hold 
his ground, and on the next night withdrew his army into Virginia. 




BRADLEY T- JOHNSON 

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166 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

In June, 1863, General Lee again entered Maryland. Private 
property was respected, but the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 
being in the service of the Federal government, was destroyed 
from Harper's Ferry to Cumberland. Lee was defeated at Gettys- 
burg, in Pennsylvania, and again retreated into Virginia. During 
the great battle of Gettysburg, (which lasted three days), the 
Confederate regiment of Marylanders under Colonel James R. 
Herbert made a splendid charge, in which three men out of five 
were killed or wounded. 

Maryland was again invaded in 1864, by General Early. The 
Federal general, Lew Wallace, was defeated on the Monocacy 
river, near Frederick, and the citizens of Frederick and Hagers- 
town were obliged to raise large sums of money to prevent the 
destruction of the towns. General Early threatened Baltimore 
and Washington, and had hopes of taking the latter; but finding 
it too strong for him to attack, he crossed the Potomac again into 
Virginia. 

On the 9th of April, 1865, General Lee surrendered to the 
Federal general. Grant, and in another month the great civil war 
was over. 

110. Maryland Aids the Stricken South. — At the close of 
the war the Southern people were left in a fearful condition. 
Nearly every industry had been paralyzed, the destruction of pro- 
perty had been immense, and thousands of widows and orphans 
were nearly destitute. This condition aroused the greatest com- 
passion in the hearts of the people of Maryland. A "Southern 
Relief Association" was formed by the ladies of Baltimore, who 
opened a fair in 1866. From this fair the proceeds were more 
than $160,000, and this sum was distributed to the Southern 
states. Mr. George Peabody, whose services to the state have 
already been mentioned (See Sec. 96), gave two million dollars 
for the purpose of founding and maintaining schools in the South. 
In January, 1867, $100,000 was appropriated by the General 
Assembly of Maryland for the relief of the destitute people of the 
South. 



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168 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

TOPICS ANDQUESTIONS 

100. Introduction. 

Explain the peculiar horrors of civil war. 

What is the proper attitude toward our own civil war? 

101. Negro Slavery. 

Explain why the institution of slavery was abolished in the Nort 
but retained in the South. 

102. The Maryland Colonization Society. 

Southern sentiment against slavery; the efforts of Maryland in 

behalf of the negroes. 
The Maryland State Colonization Society. 

(a) When was the society formed? 

(b) What was the object of the society? 

(c) How did its members think it could best be accomplished? 

(d) What aid did the society obtain? 

(e) With what success did it meet ? 

103. The Controversy Over Slavery Between the North and South. 
Rise of the Abolitionists; their opinion about slavery. 
Effect on the South. 

Connection of territorial expansion with the slavery question. 
Formation of the Republican party; its principles. 
The election of Abraham Lincoln and its effects. 

104. States' Rights ; Secession of Southern States. 

What differences of opinion existed about the rights of States? 
What states exercised the right of secession that was claimed? 
What new government was formed ? 
With what results? 

105. The Position of Maryland. 

Explain the peculiar difficulty of Maryland's position. 
State the wide differences of opinion that prevailed. 
Which side did Maryland take in the contest and why? 

106. The War for the Union. 

Describe the beginning and general character of the Civil War 
Who were the commanding generals on each side ? 
How did the war result ? 

107. First Bloodshed of the War. 

Attack on the Sixth Massachuetts regiment in Baltimore city 

Destruction of bridges. 

The order of the president of the United States. 



SLAVERY AND THE CIVIL WAR 169 

108. Maryland Occupied by Federal Troops ; Acts of Oppression. 

The military authorities assume control. 

Arrest of Mr. John Merryman, and suspension of the writ of 

habeas corpus. 
The opinion of Chief Justice .Taney of the U. S. Supreme Court. 
Protest of the Maryland Legislature. 

Imprisonment of the commissioners of police for Baltimore city. 
Arrest of the members of the Assembly from Baltimore city and 

county, and of the mayor of Baltimore city. 
Arrest of Judge Carmichael. 
The lesson that these acts teach. 

109. Maryland Troops in the War ; Invasions of the State. 
Give an account of the services of Maryland troops on both 

sides in the Civil War. 
Describe the successive invasions of the state by the armies of 

the Confederacy. 
When and how did the war come to an end .' 

110. Maryland Aids the Stricken South. 

The terrible condition of the South at the close of the war. 
Sympathy of Maryland. 

(a) The Southern Relief Society; $160,000 raised. 

(b) Contribution of George Peabody. 

(c) The General Assembly appropriates $100,000. 
QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND RESEARCH 

1. What invention tended strongly to force the growth of slavery.' 

Explain how. Was the idea of the Colonization Society about the 
abolition of slavery a good one.' Give reasons for your answer. 
Supposing the institution of slavery to have been a great moral 
wrong, would it have been right to free the negroes without recom- 
pensing the owners ? 

2. In what way would it have been a positive disadvantage to the Con- 

federacy if Maryland had seceded? In what way would it have 
been a great advantage? Comparing the two, was it better for the 
Confederacy that Maryland did not secede ? 

3. What was the capital of the Confederacy? Why was this city 

difEicult for a Northern army to capture? Who was president of 
the Confederate States? 

4. What provision does the Constitution of the United States make 

about the writ of habeas corpus.^ What provision does the Cons- 
titution of Maryland make in regard to it ? (See Const. Art. Ill, 



170 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

Sec. 55). Explain how an innocent person could be imprisoned 
indefinitely if it were not for this writ. 

References 

For a more complete account of slavery and the Civil War, see any standard 
history of the United States. See also Latrobe's Maryland in Liberia, Hund 
Publication No. '^\ of the Maryland Hist irical Society: Reminiscences of April 
iS6i, No. 31 of ditto ; Goldsborough's Marylaml IJyie, C. S. A.; BracketVs The 
JXegi o in Maryland, Johns Hopkins University Studies, Extra Volume. 



CHAPTER VI 

From the Close of the Civil War to the Present 

This period of tlie history of our state has been characterized 
by steady growth and prosperity. ]t began with the formation 
of our present sj^stem of state government, and throughout has 
been marked by the completion of many noble and important 
works of public improvement, and by the development and estab- 
lishment of our present institutions and mode of life. We have 

now to observe the leading 
facts connected with these 
important events. 

111. Gifts of George 
Peabody, — The valuable ser- 
vices rendered the state by 
George Peabody have already 
come under our notice (See 
Sec. 96), and also his generous 
gift to the suffering South. 
At this point Mr. Peabody 
again appears as a public 
benefactor. The Peabody 
Institute of Baltimore, en- 
dowed by this unselfish and 
public-spirited gentleman, 
was dedicated in 1866. Pro- 
vision was made for a free 
library, a gallery of art, 
courses of lectures, and a 
school of music. To the 
Maryland Historical Society 
also, Mr. Peabody contributed generously, and he gave many 
other large sums for the diffusion of knowledge and the relief of 
the poor and distressed. 




GEORGE PEABODY 

FROM A PHOTOGRAPH OF A PAINTING IN THE GALLER 
OF THE MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY 



172 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

Though not a native of Maryland, Mr. Peabody spent some 
years of his life here, where he laid the foundation of the great 
fortune that he accumulated. He established himself in London 
in 1837, but he always remained a patriotic American, and 
always retained a warm affection for his adopted state. 

112. Formation of the Present State Government. — In 

1864, the war being not yet over, a new state Constitution was 
adopted, which abolished slavery. This Constitution prescribed an 
oath to be taken by all voters, thus deciding who should vote on its 
adoption and who should not ; and it further provided that the 
vote of the soldiers absent in the Union armies should be taken 
in their camps. In both cases it made itself operative before it 
had legal existence, which, of course, it could have only after 
being adopted by the people, since it was submitted to them for 
ratification. Even then it was believed that the Constitution 
was defeated, when the soldiers' vote was brought in and it was 
found to have been adopted by a very small majority. 

When the war was over and the military authorities were re- 
moved, it was natural, under these circumstances, that a strong 
desire for a new Constitution should exist and make itself felt. 
A convention was accordingly called in 1867 for the purpose of 
making a new Constitution. It framed the government under 
which we now live, and was adopted at an election held Septem- 
ber 18, 1867, by a majority of 24,000. 

The Constitution is composed of two parts. The first, called 
the Declaration of Rights, consists of forty-five articles. It is a 
statement of the general rights which the people of the state 
consider of special importance to their freedom. It is declared 
that the people have the right "to alter, reform or abolish their 
form of government in such manner as they may deem expedient." 
It asserts the right of every person to worship God as he pleases, 
and to freedom of speech, and declares that no one must be 
deprived of his liberty, life, or property except by "the judgment 



CIVIL WAR TO THE PRESENT 173 

of his peers, or by the law of the land." The Constitution 
of the United States, and the laws made under its provisions, are 
made the supreme law of the state, but it is declared that all 
powers not delegated to the United States nor prohibited to the 
states, are reserved to the state. 

The second part of the Constitution is the Form of Govern- 
ment. The legislative power is vested in a General Assembly, 
composed of two Houses, the Senate and the House of Delegates. 
In the former each county is represented by one member and the 
city of Baltimore by three;* in the latter each county is repre- 
sented according to its population, Baltimore sending three 
times* as many delegates as the most populous county. The 
Assembly meets biennially on the first Wednesday of January. If 
he deems it necessary, the governor may call the legislature to- 
gether in special session. The chief executive power is vested 
in a governor ; he is elected by the people for four years and 
receives a salaiy of $4,500 a year. The governor has the power 
to appoint all officers whose appointment is not otherwise provided 
for in the Constitution or by law, which he usually does with 
the advice and consent of the Senate. There is a secretary of state, 
appointed by the governor, to keep a record of official acts and 
proceedings, and to have the custody of the great seal. An 
attorney-general and a comptroller of the treasury are elected by 
the people; the former to represent and advise the state in all 
legal matters, and the latter to manage the money affairs of the 
state. A treasurer is elected by the General Assembly. For the 
administration of justice the state is divided into eight districts, 
called "circuits." Baltimore, which composes the eighth cir- 
cuit, has a separate system of courts. In each of the other cir- 
cuits three judges are elected, — a chief and two associates. The 
chief judges of these circuits, together with a special judge from 



* A recent amendment to the Con<!titution divides Baltimore City into /our 
legislative districts, giving the citv/out Senators and/oiir times as many dele- 
gates as the most populous county. 



174 



LOADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



Baltimore city, form the Court of Appeals, the highest court of 
the state. 

The Constitution provided that every white male citizen of 
twenty-one years should have the right to vote, but the word 




THE CITY HALL, BALTIMORE 

FROM A PHOTOGRAPH 



white was rendered of no effect by the fifteenth amendment to 
the Constitution of the United States, which extends the right 
of suffrage to negroes. The legislature of Maryland rejected 
this amendment by a unanimous vote, but it received the ap- 
proval of the necessary number of states and so was adopted. 



CIVIL WAR TO THE PRESENT 



175 



113. Valley of the Patapsco Flooded.— In July, 
1868, a terrible flood occurred in the valley of the Patapsco 
river. Sudden and heavy rainfall caused a great rise of the waters 
of the stream, and soon houses, trees, and debris of all kinds were 
hurried along with the current. For several miles above Ellicott 
City the river flows between steep hills, and here the water 
acquired frightful height and velocity. When it reached the 
town the water swept everything before it — stores, dwelling- 




THE COURT HOUSE, BALTIMORE 

FROM A PHOTOGRAPH 

houses, bridges and everything within reach of its deadly grasp. 
The rise of the v/aters was so rapid as to prevent the escape of 
many persons from its power, and thirty-nine lives were lost. 
The lower parts of Baltimore were flooded also, resulting in con- 
siderable loss of property. 

Another destructive flood occurred in May, 1889, and heavy 
floods occurred in other parts of the country at the same time. 



176 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAD HISTORY 

114. Public Buildings of Baltimore. — In 1875, a new 
City Hall was completed in Baltimore which is among the finest 
buildings of the kind in the United States. The structure 
covers an area of over thirty thousand square feet. The white 
marble used in its construction was quarried in Baltimore county, 
Maryland. Near the City Hall is another large and handsome 
building, the Post-office, completed in 1890 by the government 
of the United States. It is built of granite. 

Baltimore has recently added to her public buildings a beautiful 
new Courthouse, a veritable palace of justice. At the front of the 
building are eight large monolithic columns, representing a cost 
of $5,200. They were furnished from the quarries at Cockeys- 
ville, Baltimore county, Maryland. The granite of the basement 
was also quarried in Maryland. The interior of the bulding is 
beautifully finished in hardwood and marble, and at the main 
entrance are two bronze doors. This fine structure is fireproof 
throughout, and contains 218 rooms, 8,500 electric lights, oper- 
ated by its own plant, and four electric passenger elevators. 
The building was begun in 1895 and occupied January 8, 1900. 

115. Johns Hopkins University and Hospital. — In 1876 
the Johns Hopkins University was opened. Johns Hopkins was 
a wealthy citizen of Baltimore, who, dying in 1873, left an 
estate of about seven million dollars for the purpose of founding 
a university and a hospital. Dr. Daniel C. Oilman, president of the 
University of California, was appointed president. The University 
has enjoyed the services of many learned and devoted men, not a 
few of whom are world famous. The Johns Hopkins University 
has come to be one of the leading universities of America, and 
is highly respected abroad, while its influence for good in 
Baltimore and Maryland can scarcely be overestimated. 

The Johns Hopkins Hospital was opened in 1889, and occupies 
an elevated site in the eastern part of Baltimore city. Its mag- 
nificent buildings occupy foursquares, and cover about fourteen 



CIVIL WAR TO THE PRESENT 



177 



acres. This hospital is considered one of the finest institutions 
of the kind in the world. With it is connected a school for 
nurses. 




JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL 

FROM A PHOTOGRAPH 



116. Monument to Edgar Allan Poe. — On the seven- 
teenth of November, 1875, a monument was erected to the mem- 
ory of the Maryland poet, Edgar Allan Poe. The monument was 
erected over the poet's grave in Westminster churchyard, corner 
of Fayette and Greene streets, Baltimore. Poe was born in 
1809 in Boston, where his parents happened to be at that time. 
His father was a Baltimorean of good family, who married an 
actress, and the parents were fulfilling a theatrical engagement in 
Boston at the time of the poet's birth. Poe died in Baltimore 
in 1849. The monument was erected to his memory by the 
teachers and pupils of the public schools of Baltimore. Tributes 
from a number of American authors and a letter from Lord 
Tennyson, the poet-laureate of England, were read in the Western 






EDGAR ALLAN POE 

.«0M THB .OR0H.M EOmO. OP POE. WORKS, COPV..HTE0 UsS.) BV THE PUBUSHERS, 
A. C- ARMSTRONG 4 SON 



CIVIL WAR TO THE PRESENT 179 

Female High School, adjoining the churchyard. Poe's writings 
embrace poems, tales, essays, and criticisms. He possessed a 
brilliant, subtle, and keenly-analytic intellect, and a poetic 
imagination of unusual power. His poetry is characterized by 
exquisite melody and a haunting, melancholy beauty; his short 
stories, among the greatest in all languages, deal with mystery, 
terror, horror, and the supernatural with unequalled skill and 
power. ^The Maryland poet takes very high rank among 
American authors, and by most foreign readers and critics 
he is regarded as the most original genius that America has 
produced. 

117. Strike on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. — In 
1877 the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company found it necessary 
to reduce expenses, and accordingly lowered the salaries of 
all employes, believing that this would cause less suffering thin 
the discharge of a number of men who were not needed. A 
large number of the trainmen thereupon refused to work for the 
reduced wages, and when the company employed other men to 
perform their duties the strikers interfered forcibly to prevent 
it. Trains were stopped at several points along the line of the 
road and in Baltimore thousands of rough and disorderly persons 
collected, many of whom had no connection with the railroad 
company. 

The rioters assumed so threatening an attitude that it was 
found necessary to call out the militia, and bloodshed followed. 
The troops were attacked in Baltimore, and the sixth regiment, 
in forcing its way through the streets, was obliged to fire 
repeatedly upon the crowd, while the fifth regiment charged into 
Camden station at the point of the bayonet. Camden station and 
other property was set on fire, causing heavy losses. The governors 
of Maryland and West Virginia asked the president to send 
United States troops to the scenes of disorder. The rioters were 
after a time subdued. The strike extended to other railroads, but 
less destruction of property occurred in Maryland than in other 



180 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

states, owing to the prompt and efficient services of the state 
militia and the police of Baltimore. 

118. The Enoch Pratt Free Library.— In 1882 Mr. 
Enoch Pratt, a wealthy merchant of Baltimore, laid before the 
mayor and city council his plans for the founding of a public 
library. The necessary arrangements having been made, Mr. 
Pratt gave more than a million dollars for this purpose. A hand- 
some library building was erected on Mulberry street, near 
Cathedral, and there are now seven branch libraries in various 
parts of the city. The library was opened in 1886, under the 
direction of Dr. Lewis H. Steiner, who died in 1892 and was suc- 
ceeded by his son. Dr. Bernard C. Steiner. This valuable gift 
of Mr. Pratt is called the Enoch Pratt Free Library. A vast 
number of books have been circulated by the library, and it 
has been a source of pleasure and profit to thousands. 

119. The First Electric Railroad. — "It was in Baltimore 
that the first electric railroad operated in America for actual 
commerical service was constructed and run successfuly." This 
was accomplished in August, 1885, the cars making a speed of 
about twelve miles an hour. 

Thus Baltimore, which took the lead with the steam locomo- 
tive, constructed the first successful electric line, and was the 
scene of the first practical use of the electric telegraph. 

120. The Celebration of the Defense of Baltimore. — 
In September, 1889, six days were devoted to a celebration of 
the 75th anniversary of the defense of Baltimore against the attack 
of the British in 1814, the memorable occasion that inspired the 
"Star-Spangled Banner." The exercises began on September 
9th with a great industrial display, showing the progress of the 
city in manufacturing. On the 12th a sham battle took place at 
Pimlico to illustrate the battle of North Point. The battle was 
well planned and admirably executed. On the night of Septem- 
ber 13th there was a grand representation of the bombardment 
of Fort McHenry; the weather was unfortunately rainy, but the 



CIVIL WAR TO THE PRESENT 181 

affair was observed by more than a hundred thousand persons. 
During the celebration many distinguished persons visited the 
city, including the president and vice-president of the United 
States, with members of the cabinet, the governors of Maryland 
and Delaware, many army officers, and other persons of note. 

121. Monuments to Distinguished Marylanders. — To 
her many distinguished citizens Maryland has from time to time 
erectedsuitable monuments. Baltimore's popular name, the Monu- 
mental City, has already been mentioned, in connection with the 
erection of the noble monument to Washington, and the Battle 
Monument. Since that time a large number of similar testimonials 
have been raised; among others, one to the memory of Col. 
Armistead, who commanded Fort McHenry in 1814, during the 
attack of the British army and fleet on the city. 

On the site of the ancient city of St. Mary's a monument was 
raised in 1891 to the memory of Leonard Calvert, first governor 
of Maryland. The ceremony of unveiling was performed on the 
3rd of June, and many persons of prominence were in attendance. 
The oration was delivered by William Pinkney Whyte, attorney- 
general of the state. This simple granite shaft, thirty-six feet 
high, suitably inscribed and bearing the coat of arms of Maryland, 
marks the spot where the Ark and the Dove landed the first 
settlers of Maryland, nearly two hundred and seventy years ago. 
It is a tribute fully deserved, and the following lines, inscribed 
on the monument, are but a just statement of Leonard Calvert's 
services to Maryland in her infant days: 

By his Wisdom, Justice and Fidelity, he 

Fostered the Infancy of the Colony, 

Guided it Through Great Perils, 

And, Dying, Left it at Peace. 

Three days later a granite monument, eleven feet high and 
bearing upon its face crossed Confederate flags, was unveiled at 
Loudon Park Cemetery, Baltimore. This monument was raised 
to the memory of General James R. Herbert, a Maryland officer 



182 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

who fought with distinction in the Confederate army during the 
Civil War (See Sec. 109). 

In 1892 a modest cube of Maryland granite was unveiled on 
the battle field at Guilford Court House, North Carolina, in mem- 
ory of the soldiers of the Maryland Line. The great services of 
Maryland troops and the splendid charge they made at Guilford 
Court House, have already been described (See Sec. 74). 

In the history of the Revolution the heroic sacrifice of four 
hundred Maryland soldiers at the battle of Long Island has also 
been described (See Sec. 68). Here, near the spot where the 
brave men under Major Gist laid down their lives for their com- 
rades, a monument has been dedicated to their memory by the 
Maryland Society of the Sons of the American Revolution. The 
ceremony took place in Prospect Park, Brooklyn, on August 27, 
1895, the 119th anniversary of the battle. The monument, 
twenty-seven feet high, consists of a beautiful column of highly 
polished Tennessee marble, resting upon a block of polished 
granite. It contains the following inscription, in raised letters 

of bronze: 

In Honor of 

Maryland's Four Hundred, 

Who on this Battle-field, 

August 27, 1776, 

Saved the American Army. 

The same Society (Maryland Society of the Sons of the Amer- 
ican Revolution) erected in 1898 a modest monument to the 
memory of General William Smallwood, the Revolutionary soldier 
and governor of Maryland. It is a plain granite block, five feet 
in height and suitably inscribed, upon his grave in Charles 
county. 

In 1898 (August 9th) a bronze statue, nine feet high, was 
unveiled at Mt. Olivet Cemetery, Frederick, to the memory of 
Francis Scott Key (See Sec. 90). In its granite base rest the 
remains of the author of the Star-Spangled Banner, with those 
of his wife. 




LiLtJii 




THE MARYLAND REVOLUTIONARY MONUMENT 

Mount Royal Plaza, Baltimore 
from a photograph 



184 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

One of the most notable achievements in this direction was the 
erection in Mount Royal Plaza, Baltimore, of a beautiful monu- 
ment to all Marylanders who aided the cause of freedom in the 
Revolutionary War. The monument is 60 feet, 6 inches in 
height, the shaft is of Baltimore county granite and surmounted 
by a statue of the Goddess of Liberty, and the pedestal is suitably 
inscribed. The monument was erected through the efforts of the 
Maryland Society of the Sons of the American Revolution. The 
state and Baltimore city each contributed, but the attempt to 
obtain an appropriation from Congress failed owing to the 
opposition of The Speakers of the House. The unveiling 
took place on October 19, 1901 (Peggy Stewart Day). After an 
invocation by the Rev. Henry Branch, D.D. ; and addresses by 
Mr. Alfred Duncan Bernard, historian of the Society; and Colonel 
William Ridgely Griffith, chairman of the committee; the monu- 
ment was formally transferred to the city by the Hon. Edwin 
Warfield, president of the Society. 

122. The Spanish-American War.— In April, 1898, 
Congress declared war against Spain. The war grew out of the cruel 
oppression of Cuba by Spain, and the destruction of the United 
States battle-ship Maine in Havana harbor. Maryland, as usual, 
can claim a fair share of the honors in the war, which soon ended 
in complete victory for the United States. 

The Pacific squadron of the United States, under Commodore 
Dewey, attacked and destroyed the Spanish fleet in Manilla bay 
on May 1, without the loss of a man. In the second assault, the 
cruiser Baltimore led the line of battle, and performed gallant 
service. Her commander, Captain Dyer, was voted a sword of 
honor by the city whose namesake he so ably commanded. 
Lieutenant-commander John D. Ford (now Rear-Admiral) of 
Baltimore was chief-engineer of the Baltimore, and shortly after 
the battle became fleet-engineer. 

The battle of July the Third was fought off the southern coast 
of Cuba. The Spanish fleet, blockaded in the harbor of Santiago 



CIVIL WAR TO THE PRESENT 



185 



by the American fleet, attempted to escape, and was totally 
destroyed. Acting Rear-Admiral Sampson was commander-in-chief 
of the American fleet, and the officer second in command was 
Commodore Winfield Scott Schley of Maryland; the commander- 
in-chief was absent when the battle occurred. The American 
ships were ably handled and won a brilliant victory. 

Admiral Sampson had left the station of the blockading fleet 
for the purpose of holding a conference, and was less than ten 




THE CRUISER BALTIMORE" 

FROM A PHOTOGRAPH IN POSSESSION OF THE NAVY DEPARTMENT 

miles away when the battle opened. He had gone to the eastward, 
and the Spaniards made their running fight to the westward. 
Sampson followed in his flag-ship. New York, with all speed, 
and arrived at the conclusion of the battle. These peculiar 
circumstances led to an unfortunate controversy as to who had 
been in command at Santiago and who deserved the credit for 
the victory. Commodore Schley wrote that the victory was large 
enough for all, and for a long while he remained silent. The 




v\ 




/f^A 




A^ 



1^ C^ 



>^. ^ 



REAR-ADMIRAL WINFIELD SCOTT SCHLEY 

FROM A PHOTOGRAPH 



CIVIL WAR TO THE PRESENT 187 

matter grew more and more serious: the navy department plainly 
favored the cause of Sampson, while the great majority, of the public 
press favored Schley; the latter' s friends declared that a controll- 
ing clique in the navy department was persecuting Schley, while 
Sampson's friends began to criticise Schley's conduct through- 
out the war. Finally, a history of our navy, written by E. S. 
Maclay, and to be used as a text-book in the Naval Academy, spoke 
of Schley as a "caitiff" and "coward", and the book was said to 
have the approval of the navy department. Great excitement 
followed this and Admiral Schley asked for a Court of Inquiry to 
investigate his conduct during the war with Spain. The Court 
met in Washington in September, 1901, and was composed of 
Admiral Dewey and Rear-Admirals Ramsay and Benham ; Captain 
Samuel C. Lemly was judge-advocate. The case for Admiral 
Schley was brilliantly conducted by Attorney-General Isidor Rayner 
of Maryland*. The decision was awaited with the greatest 
interest. Admirals Ramsay and Benham condemned Schley on 
every possible point except that of cowardice; Admiral Dewey, 
president of the Court, dissented, and gave an opinion favorable 
to Schley on the important points, and declaring him to have 
been in command at Santiago. The secretary of the navy 
approved the findings of the majority of the Court. 

As a last resort for obtaining official vindication. Admiral Schley 
appealed to President Roosevelt, as commander-in-chief of the 
navy. The president's decision was on the whole unfavorable to 
Schley. According to the president, nobody in particular was 
in command at Santiago; "it was a captains' fight." 

Popular sympathy, on the other hand, has shown itself unmis- 
takably with Admiral Schley. Pie has received enthusiastic 
welcome in the various parts of the country he has visited, 'and public 
and private gifts; several state legislatures have passed resolutions 



*The Hon. Jeremiah M. Wilson, of Washington, who was selected as coun- 
sel-in-chief, died shortly after the trial began. Mr. Rayner was assisted by 
Capt. James Parker, of New Jersey. 



188 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

declaring him the hero of Santiago and the Maryland legislature, 
in 1902, appropriated $3,000 for his life-size bust to be placed in 
the state house.* 

The Maryland Naval Militia had an exciting cruise in the fine 
auxiliary cruiser Dixie, and rendered important service inthe waters 
of the West Indies. The Dixie bombarded several forts and 
destroyed other property of the enemy, captured a number of 
vessels, and received the surrender of Port Ponce, Porto Rico. 
Two regiments of the state militia (National Guard) were mus- 
tered into the service of the United States, but took no active 
part in the war. 

One of the notable exploits of the war was the wonderful voyage 
of the United States battle-ship Oregon from San Francisco, 
California, to Key West, Florida. She made the trip of 13,587 
miles in 66 days. The Oregon was built by Irving M. Scott, a 
native of Baltimore county, Maryland. 

123. Politics and Elections. — At the present time there are 
two great political parties in the United States, — the Democratic 
and the Republican. To make clear the principles and doctrines 
of these great parties would require much explanation, and 
they do not belong particularly to our state history. 

Chapter V contains an account of politics in Maryland during 
the Civil War. After the close of the war the Democrats were 
found to be greatly in the majority, and they won in the state 
elections for many years. In 1895, Lloyd Lowndes, the Republican 
candidate for governor, was elected, it being charged that there 
was serious corruption among Democrats in power. At the presi- 
dential election of 1896 the state again went Republican. This 
party continued to win until 1899, when John Walter Smith, the 
Democratic candidate was elected governor by a majority over 
Lowndes of 12,000. In the presidential election of 1900 the 
state again went Republican, by nearly 14,000. In 1901 the 
Democrats elected a small majority to the legislature, and the 
comptroller of the treasury by a very small majority (121) over 

*See Appendix F. 



CIVIL WAR TO THE PRESENT 



189 



the Republican candidate ; while the Republicans elected the 
clerk of the Court of Appeals by a majority over the Democratic 
candidate of 1,386. In the congressional elections of 1902 the 
state went Republican by a plurality of 7,445. These facts show 
that there is a large number of independent voters in Maryland. 
In early times men voted uiua voce, or by the "living voice." 
This caused so much trouble that a law was passed in Maryland in 
1802 to compel voting to be done by ballot — that is, on a written 
or printed slip of paper. In 1890 the state adopted a plan known 

as the Australian ballot, by 
which voting might be 
entirely secret, and in 
1896, a law was passed to 
throw additional safe- 
guards about voting. The 
state prints all the ballots. 
In March, 1901, the Gen- 
eral Assembly, being in 
special session,* passed a 
new election law. This 
provides for a ballot, pre- 
pared by the authorities, on 
TONGiNG FOR OYSTERS which the namcs of the 

candidates are printed in alphabetical order. No symbols or 
party emblems of any kind are allowed. This has the effect of 
preventing persons who cannot read from voting. 

124. Industries. — Though Maryland is no longer a purely 
agricultural community, the cultivation of the soil continues 
to be. a leading industry. In the west of the state excellent 
crops of wheat, corn and grass are raised, and many cattle are 
fattened for market. On the mountain slopes peaches of the 
finest quality are raised, also grapes and pears. Wheat, corn, 






^u^ 



*At the same session a state census was ordered, it being discovered that 
there had been frauds iu connection with the national census of 1900. 



190 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



and grass also are raised in northern and central Maryland 
while there is much market gardening together with important 
dairy products. Southern Maryland is largely devoted to truck 
farming and fruit raising; tobacco has lost its old-time 
importance but is still cultivated. On the Eastern Shore 
wheat, corn, fruits, tobacco, and vegetables are extensively 
raised. 

The most valuable mineral product of Maryland is soft coal, of 
which great quantities are found west of Cumberland. No coal of 
the kind in the United States is superior in quality. The mining 
of iron was once an impor- 
tant industry, but the dis- 
covery of a better quality 
of iron in other parts of 
the country has nearly 
destroyed it. The same is 
true of copper. Excellent 
red sand-stone is found in 
Montgomery and Frederick 
counties; roofing slate in 
Harford; marble in Balti- 
more, Carroll and Freder- 
ick; and a fine quality of 

. -r, 1 • TT "'"'^^ SHUCKING" ROOM OF AN OYSTER 

granite m Baltimore, Har- packing establishment 

ford, and Cecil counties. Nearly 200,000,000 bricks are made 

annually from Maryland clay. 

Maryland gives employment to greater numbers in the work of 
catching and preparing the products of the water than any other 
state in the Union. Of these products the oyster is the most 
important, those of the Chesapeake region being the finest in 
the world. Vast quantities are consumed at home, and great 
numbers are canned and sent all over the world. Crabs abound 
in practically unlimited numbers in the bay and its tributaries. 




CIVIL WAR TO THE PRESENT 



191 



The diamond-back terrapin is considered a great delicacy and 
brings high prices. The shad is the most important fish; a 
means of artificial cultivation was adopted in 1880, since which 
the supply has been enormously increased. Mackerel, herring, 
and other fish are taken in large numbers. 

Manufacturing is a very important industry of the state. Bal- 
timore is one of the great manufacturing cities of the Union; 
among her largest industries are iron and steel, clothing. 




A VIEW OF CUMBERLAND 

FROM A PHOTOGRAPH 



tobacco, and the canning of fruits and oysters. Baltimore is also 
the first city of the country in copper refining, and the largest 
producer of cotton duck in the world. The great works at Spar- 
rows Point for the manufacture of steel and the construction of 
steel vessels are among the largest in the world. The city has 
many other important manufacturing industries that cannot here 
be mentioned. Cumberland, also, is an important manufactur- 
ing city, the chief products being glass, cement, iron and steel. 



192 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



bricks, lumber, and flour. Hagerstown manufactures bicycles, 
flour, wagons, and agricultural implements. Frederick pro- 
duces wagons, straw hats, brushes, canned fruits, and canned 
vegetables. Large quantities of fertilizer are manufactured in 
Baltimore and other cities of the state. 

125. Commerce and Transportation. — The commercial 
center of Maryland is, of course, Baltimore, now one of the 
leading export cities of the United States. In grain trade it ranks 
second among Atlantic ports. Besides an enormous home trade 




A MANUFACTURING INDUbTHY OF CUMBERLAND 
FROM A PHOTOGRAPH 

Baltimore has a foreign trade worth considerably more than a 
hundred million dollars a year. Grain, flour, provisions, canned 
goods, cattle, tobacco, and copper are exported in large quanti- 
ties. The chief imports are coffee, fruits, iron ore, chemicals, 
and tin plate (used largely in the canning industry). The city 
is connected with foreign countries by nearly twenty regular 
lines of steam vessels, and many sailing craft, while many lines 
of steamers ply between the city and the ports of other states, as 
well as between other ports of Maryland. There are more than 



CIVIL WAR TO THE PRESENT 



193 



a score of railroad lines in the state, controlled chiefly by the 
Pennsylvania Railroad Company. The Baltimore and Ohio, 
whose small beginning we have studied (See Sec. 95), has 
developed wonderfully since its early days; the rude engine of 
Peter Cooper has been replaced by the huge modern locomotive, 
with its driving wheel of 78 inches diameter, hauling a train of ten 
cars at the rate of sixty miles an hour.. The road connects 
Chicago and the Mississippi on the west, with Philadelphia and 




THE NARROWS," CUMBERLAND 
FROM A PHOTOGRAPH 

New York on the east. Through trains pass under the city 
through the Belt Line tunnel, a mile and a half long, which is 
equipped with the most powerful electric locomotives ever built. 
Recently the Baltimore and Ohio passed into the control of the 
Pennsylvania Railroad, one of the largest systems in the world. 
^ Cumberland, an important railroad center and the western 
terminus of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, is the commercial 



194 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

center of the Western part of Maryland. Frederick and Hagerstown 
also are railroad centers of importance. Several lines of railroad 
traverse the Eastern Shore, which, with the numerous water 
routes of trade and travel, afford excellent commercial facilities. 
The Elk and Delaware rivers are connected by the Chesapeake 
and Delaware Canal, thus opening a short and direct water route 
between Baltimore and Philadelphia. 

126. Education: Public School System; Colleges and 
Universities. — The lack of educational facilities in Maryland 
in the colonial days has already been mentioned (See Sec. 66), 
together with the reasons for the condition that existed. Until 
1694 such schools as existed were private and the government 
did nothing for the cause of popular education. In that year 
Francis Nicholson, who has been called the "father of the 
public school system of Maryland," became royal governor of the 
province. He founded King William's School at Annapolis 
(See Sec. 43), and he also managed to secure the passage of a 
law to establish schools in the other counties, although the 
establishment was not effected. In 1723 a system of county 
schools was established; pupils of all grades of learning were 
received and prepared for college. For about a century these 
were the only public schools of Maryland. An attempt was 
made in 1825 to reform the system, but very little was actually 
accomplished. The Constitution of 1867 required the legisla- 
ture to establish an efficient system of public schools, which was 
done as promptly as possible. 

Under the present organization there is a State Board of Edu- 
cation composed of the governor, four other persons appointed 
by the governor, and the State Superintendent of Public Educa- 
tion, who is appointed by the governor. The principal of the 
State Normal School at Baltimore is Secretary of the Board. 
Each county is under the control of a Board of County School 
Commissioners, appointed by the governor; and each school is 
under the control of a Board of District Trustees appointed by 



CIVIL WAR TO THE PRESENT 195 

the county board. The county board elects a person to be 
secretary, treasurer, and examiner, who acts as county super- 
intendent. The General Assembly makes an appropriation 
for the purchase of free text-books in the schools. There are 
two State Normal Schools, for the training of teachers, one 
located in Baltimore and the other in Frostburg. The latter 
was established in 1902, the former in 1866. 

The school system of Baltimore city is independent of that of 
the state. It is controlled by a board of nine commissioners, 
appointed by the mayor of the city. There is a Superintendent 
of Public Instruction, and there are two assistants. The Balti- 
more City College is a high school for boys; it does not confer 
degrees but its graduates are admitted to the Johns Hopkins 
University without examination. The Polytechnic Institute was 
the first institution of the kind established as a part of the 
public school system. Originally a manual training school, 
it is now a secondary technical school, which aims to teach 
elementary mechanical processes, to develop manual skill in 
connection with the ordinary intellectual pursuits, and to prepare 
for advanced technical studies. There is no attempt to teach 
trades. The school is well equipped, and since 1899 the grade 
has been raised from elementary and secondary to secondary and 
collegiate. 

In 1902 the General Assembly passed a compulsory education 
act, applying only to Baltimore city and Allegany county, how- 
ever; it requires all children between eight and twelve years of 
age to attend a day school, and also those between twelve and 
sixteen who are not lawfully employed at some form of labor. 
Children under sixteen may not be employed in any factory (ex- 
cept canned goods) unless they are more than twelve years of age ; 
andifless than sixteen they must be able to read and write, or 
must attend a night school. 



196 LEADING EVENTS OF MARRLAND HISTORY 

Of the higher institutions of learning St. John's College at An- 
napolis, Western Maryland College at Westminster,"* and Washing- 
ton College at Chestertown, receive state aid. They offer free 
scholarships in return. The Johns Hopkins University, which 
has already been fully treated, received considerable appropria- 
tions from the state in 1898, 1900, and 1902. There are many 
other excellent colleges throughout the state. The Maryland 
Agricultural College is situated in Prince George's County, eight 
miles from Washington. This college also has received state aid. 
Besides these may be mentioned the Woman's College of Balti- 
more', Mt. St. Mary's College at Emmittsburg' (Frederick coun- 
ty), Loyola College of Baltimore", Rock Hill College at Ellicott 
City," and New Windsor College' in Carroll County. 

There are also several excellent professional schools. The 
Westminster Theological Seminary, near Western Maryland Col- 
lege, prepares ministers for the Methodist Protestant Church. 
For the training of priests for the Roman Catholic Church there are 
several prominent institutions: St. Mary's Seminary (Sulpician) 
of Baltimore, St. Charles College (Sulpician) near Ellicott 
City, Woodstock College (Jesuit) in Baltimore County, Ilchester 
College (Redemptorist Congregation) in Howard County. The 
University of Maryland, the College of Physicians and Surgeons, 
the Baltimore Medical College, and other schools for the train- 
ing of physicians are located in Baltimore, and the Johns Hop- 
kins University has a school of medicine. There are several 
excellent law schools also. The Maryland Institute, of Baltimore, 
is an excellent school of art and design, which receives appro- 
priations from the city and the state, and grants free scholarships. 

Well worthy of mention, also, is the Jacob Tome Institute of 
Port Deposit, established in 1889 by Jacob Tome, a resident of 
the town. It has an endowment of several million dollars, the 
largest amount ever devoted to secondary education in the United 

♦Methodist Protestant. 

I Methodist Episcopal. - Roman Catholic. ' Presbyterian. 



CIVIL WAR TO THE PRESENT 197 

States, and is admirably equipped. Tuition is free to students 
of Maryland. 

127. Learned Societies. — The Maryland Historical Society 
was founded in 1844. Its objects are the collection and 
preservation of material relating to the history of the state, and 
the arousing of an interest in historical study. The Society owns 
and occupies the Athenaeum building on the corner of St. Paul 
and Saratoga Streets, Baltimore. It has a very valuable library 
of about 45,000 volumes, and a collection of manuscripts and 
historical relics of great interest and value. From the income of a 
publication fund left by George Peabody, thirty-seven historical 
and biographical works have been published. In 1884 the 
General Assembly made the Society the custodian of the archives 
ofthe province of Maryland, and has since that time made an 
annual appropriation of $2,000 for their publication. Twenty-two 
volumes have thus been published under the supervision of the 
Society. 

The Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland was incor- 
porated in 1799. Its purpose is to promote and disseminate 
medical knowledge, and it comprises in its membership some of 
the most distinguished physicians of the state. 

The Maryland Academy of Sciences was organized in 1863, and 
gathered a large collection of geological and natural history 
specimens, Indian relics, etc. The institution after some years 
transferred its specimens to the Johns Hopkins University, not 
having the funds to care for them properly. A few years ago 
Mr. Enoch Pratt presented the Society with a building, after 
which It was reorganized. 

In the autumn of 1902 the Geographical Society of Baltimore 
was organized, with Dr. Daniel C. Gilman as president. The 
society is one in which men of science and men of business may 
meet on the common ground of effort for the advancement of the 
interest of their home city. 



198 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

128. Public Libraries and Art Galleries. — The State 
Library is in the State House at Annapolis. It contains about 
50,000 volumes and is especially strong in law books. The 
Enoch Pratt Free Library of Baltimore has already been 
mentioned in this chapter; it contains, in the Central Library, 
about 135,000 volumes. The Peabody Institute possesses a refer- 
ence library of great value, numbering about 140,000 volumes. 

In 1902 the Maryland legislature passed an act enabling any 
county or municipality to establish a free public library and 
reading room, and provided also for the appointment of a state 
commission to give advice and assistance in making the plan a 
success. 

Connected with the Peabody Institute is an art gallery con- 
taining a choice collection of paintings, sculptures, and bronzes. 
Among them is the beautiful statue of Clytie, the masterpiece 
of the famous sculptor, Rinehart. The Maryland Historical 
Society also possesses a gallery of paintings, which is located on 
the second floor of the Athenaeum building, and is open to the 
public. In the home of Mr. Henry Walters on Mt. Vernon 
Place, Baltimore, is probably the finest private art collection in 
the United States. The gallery is opened on certain days to the 
public, a small admission fee being charged and the proceeds 
given to the poor. 

TOPICS AND QUESTIONS 

111. Gifts of George Peabody. 

Founding of the Peabody Institute; its scope. Gift to the Mary- 
land Historical Society. 

112. Formation of the Present State Government. 

Tell about the character and the adoption of the Constitution of 
1864. 

When was our present Constitution framed? 

What two parts has the Constitution, and what is the function of 
each .' 

Describe fully the organization of (a) the legislative depart- 
ment ; I'b) the executive department ;(c) the judicial department. 

What provision did the Constitution make in regard to sufErage ? 



CIVIL WAR TO THE PRESENT 199 

What change was made in the effect of this provision by the 
fifteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States? 

113. Valley of the Patapsco Flooded. 

Loss of life and property at Ellicott City. 
Flood of 1889. 

114. Public Buildings of Baltimore. 

Describe the City Hall; the Post Office; the Court House. 

115. Johns Hopkins University and Hospital. 

The University: (a) the founder ; (b) extent of his gift; (c) the 

president ; (d) rank of the University. 
The Hospital: (a'l location ana extent; (b) rank. 

116. Monument to Edgar Allan Poe. 

When and where was the monument erected, and by whom ? 
Give an account of the writings of Poe and his- rank as an author. 

117. Strike on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. 
What was the cause of the strike ? 

What were the chief incidents and results ? 

118. The Enoch Pratt Free Library. 

The founder and his gift ; number of buildings ; librarians. 

119. The First Electric Railroad. 

Name three great inventions with which Baltimore took the lead. 

120. Celebration of the Defense of Baltimore. 

Describe fully the celebration of the defense of the city. 

121. Monuments to Distinguished Marylanders. 
The Monumental City. 

Describe the following monuments : 

(a) To Leonard Calvert ; 

(b) To General Herbert ; 

(c) At Guilford Courthouse ; 

(d) At Prospect Park, Brooklyn ; 

(e) To Francis Scott Key ; 

(f) The Revolutionary Monument in Mt. Royal Plaza, Baltimore. 

122. The Spanish-American War. 
War begins in April, 1898. 
Services of the Cruiser Baltimore. 

Commodore Schley in the battle of July the Third. 

The court of inquiry; the popular verdict. 

Cruise of the Dixie. 

Maryland troops in the service of the United States. 

Exploit of the Oregon. 



200 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

123. Politics and Elections. 

Name the two ereat political parties of this country. 
Give an account of Maryland politics since the Civil War. 
The independent vote. 

Describe the Australian ballot system; the system adopted by the 
Assembly in 1901. 

124. Industries. 

Give a full account of each of the following industries : 

(a) Agriculture; (b) mining; (c) fishing; (d) manufacturing. 

125. Commerce and Transportation. 

Give an account of the commerce and transportation facilities of 
Baltimore. Of other parts of the state. 

126. Education : Public School System ; Colleges and Universities. 
Education in colonial times. 

Rise of the public school system. 

Present organization of the public school system: 
(a) in the counties; (b) in Baltimore city. 

Higher institutions of learning that receive state aid; their re- 
turn. 

The principal non-aided colleges ; professional schools. 

127. Learned Societies. 

The Maryland Historical Society ; its aims, work, library, etc. 
The Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland. 
The Maryland Academy of Sciences. 
The Geographical Society oL Baltimore. 

128. Public Libraries and Art Galleries. 

Libraries : (a)Slate Library ; ( b) Pratt library ; (c)Peabody Library. 
Art Galleries : (a) gallery of the Peabody Institute ; (b) gallery of 
the Maryland Historical Society ; (c) gallery of Mr. Walters. 

QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND RESEARCH 

1. Find the meaning of the word bicameral. Is the Maryland Assembly 
bicameral? How many delegates has your county — or legislative 
district of Baltimore — in the Assembly? What are their names? 
What is the name of your senator ? What is meant by impeachment ? 
What provision does the Constitution of Maryland make in regard 
to impeachment? (See Art. Ill, Sec. 26.) In what three ways 
may a bill become a law ? Stale the principles of the chief political 
parties. 



CIVIL WAR TO THE PRESENT 201 

2 What qualifications must a man possess to be governor of Maryland? 
How is a vacancy in the office, occuring before the end of the 
term, filled? (Const. II, 6,7). What is meant by the governor's 
message? What is a "pocket veto" ? 

3. In which judicial circuit do you live? What are the names of the 

judges? Which is chief judge? What is an indictment? 
What is a subpoena ? What is a writ ? What is meant by the 
terms "plaintiff" and "defendant" ? What are the duties of 
the grand jury? Find out if you can, the method of procedure in 
the trial of a criminal case. What are the powers and duties of 
a justice of the peace? What officer of the government has the 
power of granting pardons? What are the duties of the sheriff."* 

4. Show that the governor possesses executive, legislative, and judicial 

power. 

5. Point out the advantages of a celebration of important events. 

6. Point out the various ways in which a public library will promote 

public improvement. 

7. Explain the advantages of historical study, with special reference 

to local history. Explain the value of public art galleries. 

References 

For a full account of the government see Steiner's Institutions and Civil 
Government of Maryland. In the same work will be found an account of the 
public school system, and of the higher institutions of learning, pp. 166-184; 
and an account of political parties and elections pp. 188-2U8. For an account 
of Maryland industries, resources, commerce, transportation, public buildings, 
etc., see "Maryland: its Resources, Industries and Institutions," by members 
of the Johns Hopkins University and others in 1893. For a general reference 
to current events, public officers, and various statistics, the Almanacs pub- 
lished annually by the Baltimore Sun are extremely valuable. 



CONCLUSION 

The end of our story has been reached, but it will be well, be- 
fore laying it aside, to look back upon the wonderful series of 
events we have been studying, and try to view them in their 
entirety. The few feeble colonies that once stretched along the 
Atlantic coast of our country slowly developed, threw off the 
yoke of an oppressive and tyrannical government, and organized 
a new nation. That nation gallantly fought for and won com- 
mercial freedom upon the sea, and grew steadily in wealth, 
power, and extent of territory until, stretching from sea to sea, 
it has become the mightiest nation of the modern world. 

In this wonderful progress we find the part of Maryland in the 
highest degree important and honorable. We find the first 
sturdy little band of colonists that landed on our shores bringing 
with them the blessing of religious freedom, to be established 
for the first time on the virgin soil of the New World. We find 
their treatment of the unfortunate savages kind and just, and 
their dealings with men of their own race more gentle and con- 
siderate than was usual in their day. We find them steadily 
learning in the school of self-government until they were able, 
in 1776, to cast off, with the sister colonies, a cruel and un- 
natural mother, and to form themselves into a free and sovereign 
state. We see the soldiers of this state fighting beneath the 
banner of freedom, that their liberties and those of their 
countrymen might not perish, but endure to themselves and their 
children forever. We see these men of the old ' ' Maryland Line, 
ever in the lead, and second to none in courage, endurance, and 
self-sacrifice; and we see this record constantly kept bright and 
unstained in every war in which Maryland men have taken part 
to this day. And the war at an end, we see the enlightened 
statesmen of Maryland, by their profound and far-reaching 
policy in regard to the Northwest Territory, laying the corner- 



CONCLUSION 203 

stone of our Federal Union, with all that this wonderful term 
means to us and to the world. 

Independence and Union attained, our state entered upon a 
long period of prosperity which, though occasionally interrupted, 
has not been the less steady or certain. Her resources 
have been developed, her commerce extended, her cities 
enlarged and beautified, her population increased, and her people 
made happier and better by the gifts of her generous and public- 
spirited citizens. Thus the opening of the new century finds 
Maryland with a record of which we, her children, may justly be 
proud. But we should have a care, too, that we do not let this 
pride make us contented. We should look about us, and per- 
ceive that our state has still many short-comings, and realize that 
it is for W5 to remove them, and to continue the march of progress 
and improvement. May the wisdom of our statesmen and the 
noble self-sacrifice of the glorious old "Maryland Line," 
inspire us each and all with anearnestdeterminati on to make our 
state second to none, and our country the first in the world. 



History of the Counties 
of Maryland 



FROM 



THE TEACHERS' MANUAL 



COMPILED BY 



Dr. M. BATES STEPHENS, 
State Superintendent of Public Education 



ST. MARY'S 

This "mother county" dates back to 1634, and has an area of 
360 square miles. It was named in honor of the saint whom the de- 
vout colonists took as their patron. It forms the extremity of the 
Southern Maryland peninsula, lying between the Potomac and 
Patuxent rivers, its lower eastern side bordering on the Chesapeake. 
Historic Point Lookout is at the wide mouth of the Potomac. St. 
Mary's touches no other county except Charles, the Patuxtent 
making in between it and Calvert. There are highlands along 
the water-front and lowlands in the interior. Some of the soil 
is sandy, with a clay subsoil, and productive loam is found in 
parts of the county. Half the cultivated land is occupied by 
tenants. Forest areas abound in white and red oak, poplar, syc- 
amore, pine and chestnut. Farms fronting on the bay and rivers 
are generally large, and vestiges of the old manorial life are 
numerous. Tobacco growing chiefly engages the attention of the 
farmers, and corn, wheat and potatoes are also grown; much live 
stock of an excellent grade is raised. The construction of a 
railroad to Point Lookout, traversing the county, is often urged. 
St. Mary's only railroad, the Washington City and Potomac, runs 
from Brandywine, on the Pope's Creek Line, in Lower Prince 
George's, through eastern Charles and into St. Mary's as far as 
Mechanicsville, twelve miles from Leonardtown, the county-seat, 
located about midway of the county. Steamboats from Washing- 
ton and Baltimore touch at points on the Potomac, and the Weems 
Line vessels from Baltimore ply the Patuxent. Leonardtown, 
named after the first Governor Calvert, is one of the most 
interesting ancient colonial towns of Maryland. Its population 
is 463. The site of St. Mary's city is fourteen miles southeast 
of the county-seat, on St. Mary's river. A seminary for girls 
is established there, and at the tomb of Leonard Calvert a 



208 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

monument has been erected. Charlotte Hall Academy, above 
Mechanicsville, was established by legislative enactment in 1774, 
and its alumni include many famous Marylanders. 

KENT 

Kent, with an area of 315 square miles, was named after the 
English shire from whence came many of its early settlers, and 
who saw in its smiling landscape a replica of the fairest county 
of England. Kent claims the distinction of being the oldest 
county on the Eastern Shore. The first settlement within the 
present limits of Maryland was made on Kent Island in 1628 by 
Protestants from Virginia under the leadership of William Clai- 
borne. Calvert claimed the island as a part of his grant, and the 
contention was not ended until 1647, when Claiborne was dispos- 
sessed. The Maryland proprietary, having established his authority 
over the island, in 1650 organized Kent county, it then embracing 
the upper Eastern Shore. Kent is a peninsula, lying between the 
Sassafras and Chester rivers, its eastern border being the Del- 
aware line, and its western boundary the Chesapeake bay. With 
its standing timber, fertile soil, game, fish, and many natural 
advantages, under the liberal policy of the proprietary, Kent 
soon became a flourishing colony, with a population consisting of 
Protestants, Catholics, and Quakers. And presently negro slaves 
were brought into the county. In 1864 about one fourth of the 
population were colored people. The soil of Kent yields a great 
variety of crops, and agriculture is the leading occupation 
of the people; although the fishery interests are extensive. 
A paper mill, basket factory, phosphate factory and other 
manufacturing plants are located at Chestertown, the county- 
seat, (population, 3,008). Canneries, mills and other plants 
are numerous in the county. The people, though con- 
servative, are progressive. They have promoted railroad 
and steamboat communication with Baltimore and Philadel- 
phia. During the ante-Revolutionary period, Kent was active in 



COUNTIES OF MARYLAND 209 

opposition to the oppressive measures of Parliament. It is not 
commonly known that Chestertown, then a port of entry, had a 
"tea-party" of her own, a small cargo on the Geddes, brought 
into the Chester for the neighboring counties, being seized and 
thrown overboard by the indignant citizens. In the War of 1812 
the British under Sir Peter Parker landed a force in Kent for an 
important military operation. The enemy was met by a body 
of local militia under Colonel Philip Reed, (a Revolutionary 
officer and U. S. Senator 1806-13), and driven back to their 
ships with heavy loss, Parker being among the killed. Washing- 
ton College, (founded 1782,) which has a normal department, is 
at Chestertown. Rock Hall, Betterton, Millington, Edesville, 
Galena, Still Pond, Kennedyville and other thriving towns are in 
Kent. 

ANNE ARUNDEL 

Anne Arundel county was erected in 1650, and has an area of 
400 square miles. It was named after the Lady Anne Arundel, 
whom Cecilius Calvert married. It fronts eastward on the 
Chesapeake, and within its territory five rivers are contained — 
the Severn, most beautiful sheet of water of its size in the 
United States; Magothy, South, Rhode, and West. On the north 
and northeast is the Patapsco, and Howard county lies northwest 
of Anne Arundel. The Patuxent separates it from Prince George's 
on the west, and Calvert is on the south. Annapolis, the state 
capital, is also the county-seat. In 1694 it supplanted St. Mary's 
city as the seat of government in the colony, and grew to be the 
"Paris of America," the abode of wealth, elegance, and fashion. 
In the Senate Chamber of the historic old State House Washington 
resigned his commission as commander-in-chief, to the Conti- 
nental Congress, at the close of the Revolution; on State House 
Hill, where Revolutionary troops encamped, is a heroic statue of 
Baron De Kalb, commander of the Maryland Line on the gory 
field of Camden. Near the State House is the executive 



210 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

Mansion, and in the vicinity are numerous specimens of 
eighteenth century architecture. The city and county are rich 
in historical associations. Eden, the last of the colonial Gover- 
nors, died in Annapolis and his grave is on the Severn. Tombs 
of the early settlers, bearing still familiar names, and other traces 
of the past preserve county history. The Maryland Gazette, first 
printed in 1745, is one of the Annapolis newspapers.* The 
United States Naval Academy is a government reservation 
adjoining the city. The population of Annapolis is 8,525. It 
was named after Queen Anne. Agriculture and horticulture are 
leading industries of the county, and its manufacturing interests 
are numerous, and some of them of great importance. South 
Baltimore, in the northern part of the county, is a manufacturing 
center, with car-works and other large plants; Brooklyn has 
various industries; Annapolis, a port of entry, is a leading cen- 
ter of the oyster industry. Tobacco, wheat, corn, vegetables, 
and fruits are grown, and woodland areas have heavy growths of 
oak, pine, and other trees. The railroads are the Baltimore and 
Potomac; Baltimore and Ohio; Annapolis, Baltimore and Wash- 
ington; and Baltimore and Annapolis Short Line. St. John's 
College, the alma mater of many distinguished Marylanders, is at 
Annapolis. Anne Arundel institutions have been notable in the 
educational annals of Maryland. 

CALVERT 
Calvert county has 222 square miles of territory, and is the 
smallest in the state. It dates back to 1654, and preserves the 
family name of the proprietary. The Patuxent curves around 
the southern and western sides of the county, and its eastern 
line is washed by the Chesapeake. The bayside is marked by 
highlands, and the "Cliffs of Calvert" attract much attention 
among students of geology and physiography. The soil is pro- 
ductive, and divided between sandy and clay loams. Tobacco 
and cereals are the chief crops, and a considerable number of the 

♦See Page 100 



COUNTIES OF MARYLAND 211 

people are interested in fisheries. The oyster grounds of Calvert are 
among the best in the state. Timber is plentiful,and iron ores and 
silica are found in extensive deposits. Drum Point, at the 
mouth of the Patuxent, has one of the finest harbors in the 
United States, and in time may become the location of a vast 
federal or commercial maritime enterprise. Fruits and vege- 
tables mature early on the sheltered lands, with southern 
exposure, along the waterways. The county-seat is Prince 
Frederick, which is centrally located, and, like other Calvert 
towns, is small in population. Solomon's, in the southern part 
of the county, 26 miles from Prince Frederick, has a marine 
railway and shipyards, and Sellers', on St. Leonard's Creek, St. 
Leonard's, Chaneyville, Lower Marlboro, Drum Point, Hunting- 
town, Plum Point, are among the villages of the county. In the 
colonial and early state history of Maryland Calvert was conspic- 
uous. The first railroad to enter the county is the Chesapeake 
Beach, which was built from Hyattsville, near Washington, to 
the bay a few years ago, and runs for a short distance through the 
upper part of Calvert. A large portion of the population is 
colored. Among noteworthy sons of the county were General 
James Wilkinson and Rev. Mason Weems ("Parson Weems"), 
the once iDODular biographer, who pointed a moral with his 
celebrated myth of little George Washington, his hatchet and his 
father's cherry tree. 

CHARLES 
Charles county lies on the Potomac river, its southern and 
western boundary, with Prince George's on the north and St. 
Mary's on the east. Between the two counties, a tongue of 
Charles extends to the Patuxent, and it was on this, at Benedict, 
that Ross' army disembarked for the march to Washington m 
1814. The county was organized in 1658, and given the chris- 
tian name of the second lord proprietary. Its area is 460 square 
miles, and its great reach of water front on the Potomac, in a 



212 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

huge bend of which it is situated, gives it important resources 
in riparian products — oysters, fish, water-fowl. The Wicomico 
river, Nanjemoy, Port Tobacco, and Mattawoman creeks are 
tributaries of the Potomac in this county. Tobacco is the prin- 
cipal crop, the average yield being 500 pounds to the acre, and 
corn and wheat are grown in considerable quantities. The Pope's 
Creek Line of the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad terminates at 
Pope's creek, on the Potomac. In the middle section of the 
county the land is level and in other parts its rolling surface is 
locally designated as "valleys." Port Tobacco, from colonial 
times the county-seat, was succeeded a decade ago by La Plata, 
on the railroad. The entire village population of the county is 
very small. The United States Naval Proving Grounds, a govern- 
ment reservation at Indian Head in northwestern Charles is where 
guns and projectiles for the navy are tested. Marshall Hall, 
nearly opposite Mount Vernon, is closely connected with the 
memory of Washington, and is now an excursion resort. Gen- 
eral William Smallwood was from Charles, and for a century his 
grave on the ancestral estate, near the old brick dwelling in 
which he and General Washington held Masonic meetings, was 
marked only by a walnut tree. On July 4, 1898, the Maryland 
Society of the Sons of the American Revolution unveiled a 
massive monument on the spot. This county was also the home 
of Thomas Stone, a signer of the Declaration of Independence ; of 
Michael Jenifer Stone, a representative in the first Congress, who 
voted to place the seat of federal government on the Potomac; 
of Governor John Hoskins Stone, distinguished at Long Island, 
White Plains, Princeton, Germantown; of Robert Hanson Harri- 
son, Washington's military secretary, and a long list of able and 
brilliant men. 

BALTIMORE 

Baltimore stands at the head of Maryland counties in population, 
wealth, and resources, and its area of 622 square miles is exceeded 



COUNTIES OF MARYLAND 213 

only by Garrett and Frederick. When the ' ' Belt' ' was annexed to 
Baltimore city in 1888 the county lost considerable territory, 
36,000 inhabitants and the towns of Waverly, Oxford, Woodberry, 
Hampden, Calverton. The eastern neighbor of Baltimore 
county is Harford, its western, Carroll ; and it is bounded on the 
south by the bay, the city, and the Patapsco river separating it 
from Anne Arundel and Howard. The Pennsylvania state line 
is the northern boundary. The topography of the county is 
diversified and attractive : elevated and rolling, watered by numer- 
ous picturesque streams, and well timbered. The soil is strong 
and fertile, and a great variety of crops is grown. In mineral 
resources Baltimore is particularly fortunate. From the early 
days of the colony its iron ores attracted capital, and from time 
to time numerous iron manufacturing establishments have been 
in operation. Copper mines were formerly worked in the county 
and from this industry grew the present large copper works at 
Canton, which now use copper from Montana, the mining of the 
county deposits being very expensive. The first discovery of 
chrome ore in America was made a few miles north of Baltimore 
city, and a flourishing industry in the manufacture of products 
from this ore, of wide applicability in the arts, was established. 
The building stones of the county have given it high rank in the 
industrial world. The famous Woodstock granite is found in the 
southwestern corner, and has been quarried since the thirties. 
It has been used in many of the chief buildings in Baltimore 
city, and in the Congressional Library and Washington Post-office. 
The most valuable of Maryland's limestone deposits, it is said, 
are the highly crystalline marbles of Baltimore county. The 
Beaver Dam marbles have been used in the construction of the 
Washington Monuments in Baltimore and Washington, and fed- 
deral, state and municipal buildings throughout the East. 
Gneiss and gabbro rocks are also used in building. The county 
is noted for its mineral waters— Chattolanee, Roland, Strontia, 
Lystra, etc. There are valuable deposits of serpentine and porce- 



214 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

lain clays. Along the Patapsco and the baj' are numerous pleasure 
resorts, and fishing and gunning shores. The Baltimore and 
Ohio; Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore; and the Balti- 
more and Potomac run through its southern portion; the Northern 
Central extends northward through the county into Pennsylvania; 
the Western Maryland runs nortwesterly from Baltimore city, and 
there are several short lines and electric roads. The county-seat 
is Towson, named after General Nathan Towson, seven miles 
from Baltimore, on the Maryland and Pennsylvania Railroad. It is 
the terminus of a city electric car line, and is situated in the 
midst of a superbly-developed agricultural country. It has a 
population of 2,500. Canton and Highlandtown, small cities in 
themselves, largely given over to manufacturing, adjoin the 
eastern limits of Baltimore city. Cockeysville has a large stone 
quarry; at Lutherville is a female seminary; Emory Grove and 
Glyndon are noted camp grounds; Catonsville and Mt. Washing- 
ton, with Roland Park and other towns, are known for their fine 
residences and picturesque locations. Hundreds of industrial 
establishments, large and small, are located in the county, and 
Steelton (Sparrow's Point) is the seat of the mammoth plant of the 
Maryland Steel Company. The county has many fine estates and 
country-seats, and from its formation, in 1659, has been the 
home of a great number of the foremost men of colony and State. 
The battle of North Point was fought on its soil. For years it 
had a congressman of its own. Baltimore was the name of the 
Irish estates of the Calverts. The private and sectarian educa- 
tional institutions of the county are numerous, and some of them 
of wide-spread fame. 

TALBOT 

"Talbot county was formed in 1660-61. The order by which 
it was created has not been found, but the Assembly proceedings 
first show its existence in this year. The existing records of the 
province have not discovered to us what were its exact limits 



COUNTIES OF MARYLAND 215 

anterior to the year 1706. In that year they were definitely set- 
tled by the existing Act of 1706, Chapter 3, which enacts that 
'the bounds of Talbot county shall contain Sharp's Island, Chop- 
tank Island, and all the land on the north side of the Great 
Choptank river; and extend itself up the said river to Tuckahoe 
Bridge; and from thence with a straight line to the mill com- 
monly called and known by the name of Swetnam's mill, and 
thence down the south side of Wye river to its mouth, an thence 
down the bay to the place of beginning, including Poplar Island 
and Bruff's Island.' " — McMahon: History of Maryland. The 
second public school in Maryland was established in Talbot 
under the Act of 1723. That this school was something more 
than a mere elementary school is clear from the curriculum laid 
down in the act, namely, "Grammar, Good Writing and Math- 
ematics." There is sufficient evidence for believing that the 
Talbot Free School was better supplied with good teachers than 
the private subscription schools, which were often filled by 
indentured servants. Bampfylde Moore Carew, the "King of 
the Beggars," came to Talbot as an unwilling emigrant, and 
the captain of the ship that brought him over recommended him 
to a planter of Bayside as a "great scholar and an excellent 
schoolmaster." The school seems to have prospered for a long 
series of years and was "looked upon as the most frequented in 
the province." But after the year 1764 no record of it has been 
found. How long it flourished and when it ceased to exist is 
unknown. It is believed, upon tradition merely, that it con- 
tinued in successful operation up to the outbreak of the Revolu- 
tionary War. Talbot people have long cherished their public 
schools as their most valued privilege and right. The county 
has an area of 285 square miles, and derives its name from Lord 
Talbot. It is cut up into Peninsulas by the Chesapeake and its 
tributaries, and is famous for its landscapes and waterscapes. 
Agriculture, canning and oyster-catching are its industries. It 
has furnished governors, United States senators, a secretary of 



216 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

the treasury and numerous state and national officials and men of 
mark. Maryland's first historian came from Talbot, and it was 
the home of Robert Morris' father and the birthplace of John 
Dickinson. The Delaware and Chesapeake, and Baltimore, 
Chesapeake and Atlantic are its transportation lines. Easton, 
the county-seat, was the former "capital" and seat of government 
on the Eastern Shore, and the first newspaper on this side of the 
bay was established there more than a century ago. Oxford and St. 
Michael's are also historic. 

SOMERSET 

Somerset county was erected August 22, 1666, by an order of 
the provincial Council, and embraced "all that Tract of land 
within this our province of Maryland bounded on the South with 
a line drawn from Wattkin's point (being the North point of th't 
bay into wch the river Wighco formerly called Wighcocomoco 
afterwards Pocomoke & Wighcocomoco againe doth fall exclusive- 
ly) to the Ocean on the East, Nantecoke river on the North & 
the Sound of Chesipiake bay on the West;" which was erected 
in the name and as the act of the Lord Proprietary "into a county 
by the name of Sommersett county in honor to our Deare Sister 
the lady Mary Somersett." The commissioners, Stephen 
Horsey, William Stevens, William Thorne, James Jones, John 
Winder, Henry Boston, George Johnson, and John White, were 
empowered "to enquire by the Oath of good & lawfull men of 
all manner of fellonies Whitchcrafts inchanmts Sorceryes Magick 
Arts Trespasses forestallings ingrossing & extorcons" and "all 
& singler other Misdeeds and offences." The order ap- 
pointed "Edmond Beachchampe Clark and Keeper of the 
Records," and the council issued the same day a commission to 
Stephen Horsey to be "Sherriffe of Somersett." The first effort 
to settle the long-standing boundary dispute with Virginia 
resulted in Scarborough's line depriving Somerset of 23 square 
miles of territory. Like Dorset, Somerset has jurisdiction over 



COUNTIES OF MARYLAND 217 

several islands, one of which, Deal's Island, was celebrated early 
in the last century for its Methodist "Parson" Thomas, who, 
tradition says, foretold the death of Ross in the attack on Balti- 
more, and preached to the British on his island. The south 
eastern corner of Somerset is separated from Accomac, in Virginia, 
by the Pocomoke river, and the division line continues through 
Pocomoke sound. The Western Shore is washed by Tangier 
sound and the bay. The area of Somerset is 362 square miles, 
and it heads the list of oyster counties, half its population being 
engaged in that industry. The value of the annual oyster yield 
from Somerset waters is $2,000,000, and the packing houses 
along the southern and western shores utilize from one to one 
and a half million bushels yearly. In summer oystermen find 
employment in the crabbing industry, and these shell-fish are 
shipped in enormous quantities to city markets — 250,000 dozen 
going from Crisfield alone in a single season. Terrapin are 
more plentiful in Somerset than in other counties, and 
"diamond-back farming" is successful. Agriculture is profitable 
in the interior, and truck-farming is carried on along the lines 
of the New York, Philadelphia and Norfolk Railroad. Crisfield, 
near the mouth of the little Annamessex river, with a population 
of 3,165, is a port of entry for hundreds of vessels, and has ex- 
tensive industrial and commercial interests. The county-seat. 
Princess Anne, was founded in 1733. Other towns are Fair- 
mount, Oriole, Mt. Vernon, Dame's Quarter, Kingston, Costen, 
Hopewell, Marion, Westover. 

DORCHESTER 

Dorchester county is the largest on the Eastern Shore, having 
an area of 610 square miles, and ranks fourth in point of size 
in the state. The Great Choptank river and Caroline form its 
northern boundary, and it has a few miles of eastern border on 
the Delaware line. The Nanticoke flows along the southeastern 
border, and on the south and west arms of the Chesapeake and 



218 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

the bay itself enclose the county. Dorchester was formed in 
1669-70, and its name is traced to the earl of Dorset or to Dor- 
setshire. Various islands are included in its territory, and the 
little Choptank, the north-west fork of the Nanticoke, Honga, 
Fishing, Blackwater, Transquaking, Chicacomico, are rivers and 
creeks of Dorchester. Fishing bay, Tar bay, Trippe bay. Hooper's 
straits and other bodies of water add to the geographical nomen- 
clature of the county. There is a great extent of marsh land, fre- 
quented by myriads of wild ducks, and oysters, crabs and terrapin 
abound in the county waters. Sand, clay and marl make a diver- 
sified soil, and corn, wheat, potatoes, tomatoes, and fruits are 
grown. Great quantities of oysters, tomatoes and corn are used 
by the packing houses. The annual income from the oyster 
catch is $1,000,000 or more, and Dorchester ranks next to Som- 
erset in this industry. Cambridge is the home port of a vast 
fleet of dredging and tonging vessels, the seat of large packing 
establishments, of shipyards and other manufactures. The Cam- 
bridge and Seaford and the Baltimore, Chesapeake and Atlantic 
railroads traverse northeastern Dorchester and steam and sailing 
vessels reach all parts of the county lying on water. Cambridge, 
the county-seat, with a population of 5,747, has a fine salt-water 
situation on the Great Choptank, 18 miles from its mouth. 
The river here, between the Dorchester and Talbot shores, is 
several miles in width, and the town is built on level ground, 
extending to the water's edge. The streets are well-shaded, and 
brick and stone structures predominate in the business section. 
East New Market is in the midst of a thriving agricultural sec- 
tion, has a population of 1,26 7, and Secretary, (on Secretary Sewell's 
creek); Hurlock, Williamsburg, Salem, Taylor's Island, Buck- 
town, Linkwood, Dailsville, are some Dorchester villages. 
Vienna, on the Nanticoke, was long noted for its shipyards, and 
many swift and shapely ocean-going vessels were built there 
before steam and iron supplanted wood, and when the white oak 
forests of Dorset still afforded the best material known in former 



COUNTIES OF MARYLAND 219 

naval construction. Dorchester was harried by the British during 
the War of 1812. Governor John Henry, first United States 
senator from the Eastern Shore, and William Vans Murray were 
from this county. 

CECIL 
Cecil county, named in honor of the second Lord Baron of 
Baltimore, was erected in 1674, the tenth county in order of 
formation, and it is situated in the northeast corner of Maryland, 
on the borders of Pennsylvania and Delaware, and cut off from 
the remainder of the state by the Sassafras river on the south, 
and the Chesapeake bay and Susquehanna river on the west. 
It is one of the smaller counties in area-350 square miles 
much of which is, however, under water, as it is intersected by 
several rivers, notably the North East, the Elk and the Bohemia. 
The surface throughout is rolling, the northern portion being 
hilly this gives considerable water power which is utilizied by 
a number of large paper, iron, cotton, flour, phosphate, kaolin 
and fluor-spar mills. The third largest pulp and paper mill m 
the United States is located at Elkton the county-seat. In the 
eighteenth century the output of pig and bar iron at the Pnncipio 
Company's furnaces was the largest in America. The soil 
generally is fertile, varying from a yellow clay in the south to a 
disintegrated rock in the north, producing fruits, gram and hay 
in abundance. So noted has its hay crop become that the highest 
grade on the Baltimore market is known as "Cecil county hay. 
Along the Susquehanna river are several large granite quarries, 
affording the best building material, a stone which when pol- 
ished, as is done at Port Deposit, is excelled in beauty by no 
other. Kaolin is largely worked for use in the manufacture of 
paper and in porcelain factories, and chrome has been extensively 
mined. Although possessing such excellent water facilities, 
marsh land is almost unknown. The banks of the Susquehanna 
river rise abruptly to a height of from 80 to nearly 600 feet. At 



220 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

Port Deposit the granite banks rise almost perpendicularly 200 
to 300 feet. The fisheries, as might be expected, are of much 
importance. Elkton, the largest town, has about 3,000 inhab- 
itants, followed by Port Deposit, Perryville, Rising Sun, North 
East, Chesapeake City, and Cecilton. The scenery in places is 
picturesque in the extreme. That along the Susquehanna, near 
Conowingo, and on the Octoraro, near Porter's Bridge, attracts 
artists from a distance, and compares most favorably with the 
Wissahickon and other rugged streams so often delineated by 
the painter's brush. The county is about equi-distant from Phil- 
adelphia and Baltimore, is intersected by the Philadelphia, Wil- 
mington and Baltimore; the Philadelphia division of the 
Baltimore and Ohio, and the Baltimore Central Railroads, also by 
the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal. Cecil county was one of 
the first to engage in school work. In 1723 the Colonial 
Legislature appointed a committee consisting of John Ward, 
John Dowell, Benj. Pearce and others, to open free schools, and 
they opened one. St. Stephen's Church, organized in 1692, 
opened a public school about 1734. The Friend's Meeting 
House at Calvert was organized by William Penn in 1702, and 
soon after opened a school. The church of St. Francis Xavier 
was organized in 1704, and afterward opened a school. The 
county in 1859 organized a system of free public schools, thus 
antedating that of the state six years. Among the more promi- 
nent private schools are the West Nottingham Academy, opened 
about 1741 by Rev. Samuel Finley, who afterward became the 
president of Princeton University. It is situated near Colora. 
The Tome Institute, most beautifully situated on the bluff at 
Port Deposit, presided over by Dr. A. W. Harris, with a corps 
of 63 teachers, and over 500 pupils, was endowed by the late 
Jacob Tome with several millions of dollars. 

PRINCE GEORGE'S 
Prince George's county, named in honor of Prince George of 



COUNTIES OF MARYLAND 221 

Denmark, husband of Queen Anne, was formed in 1695, having 
been originally a part of Charles. The seat of local government 
was first established at Mount Calvert on the Patuxent river, but 
it was soon removed to Upper Marlborough, (named for the Duke 
of Marlborough, in 1706.) The number of white children of 
school age is 6,175 and the number of colored children 5,179. 
Prince George's is one of the most progressive and prosperous 
counties of the state. Its growth is promoted largely by its 
proximity to the national capital. The resources of the county 
are mainly agricultural. In the upper section, bordering upon 
the District of Columbia, trucking is followed to a large extent. 
In the middle and southern sections corn, wheat, and tobacco 
are cultivated — the last named on an extensive scale, forming 
the staple product. The annual output of the county is larger 
than that of any other of the tobacco-growing counties. The 
principal towns are Upper Marlborough, Laurel, Hyattsville, 
Bladensburg, Forestville and Woodville. At Laurel there are 
cotton duck mills, and a cereal mill has recently been established 
at Hyattsville. Bladensburg has the distinction of having been 
the scene of one of the most significant battles of the War of 
1812, and of many noted duels. The academy at Upper Marl- 
borough, established in 1835, is managed by a board of seven 
trustees, and, has always had for its principal a capable teacher 
of the classics. Many persons who attained eminence in public 
and professional life were educated at this school. Even in col- 
onial time, Prince George's county was conspicuous for being 
the home of cultured and educated people; and as early as 1745 
Rev. Dr. Eversfield, Rector of St. Paul's parish, established a 
private school near his residence which he continued until his 
death in 1780. He taught Greek and Latin and furnished pu- 
pils with board at $53 per annum. The Maryland Agricultural 
College is in this county. The area of Prince George's is 480 
square miles and its railroads are the Baltimore and Ohio; Balti- 
more and Potomac; Pope's Creek; and Chesapeake Beach lines. 



222 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

Back in the thirties the "Patuxent Manufacturing Company" 
was incorporated and established the present cotton mill at 
Laurel, the old name of the town being "Laurel Factory." The 
iron industry in Prince George's dates back over a century. The 
Snowdens, among the original settlers of the county, established 
furnaces at various points in southern Maryland. The Patuxent 
Furnace and Forge was long a notable industry. The only iron 
works now in operation in the county, or in rural Maryland, is 
the Muirkirk Furnace, on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, at 
Muirkirk. It was erected in 1847 by Andrew and Elias Ellicott 
and modeled after a furnace at Muirkirk, Scotland. The popu- 
lation of Laurel is 2,079, and of Hyattsville, 1,222. 

QUEEN ANNE'S 

Queen Anne's county was erected in 1706, and the bounds 
of the four counties above the Great Choptank were described 
and fixed by the Assembly of that year with definiteness. 

Queen Anne's takes in the territory between the Delaware line 
and the bay, (including Kent Island), south of the Chester and 
north of the Wye and Tuckahoe rivers. Kent is its northern, 
and Talbot and Caroline its southern neighbors. Agriculturally, 
the county is highly favored, the soil being very fertile, and the 
surface rolling. The area of the county is 376 square miles. 
Kent Island is opposite Anne Arundel, and its wooded shores 
are visible from the State House at Annapolis. Although under 
cultivation for two and a-half centuries, the island is the delight 
of agriculturists, its rich soil producing in profusion all the 
staple Maryland crops. Oysters, crabs, fish and water fowl are 
plentiful in Queen Anne's waters. Practically all the arable land 
of the county is under cultivation. The industrial establish- 
ments are chiefly flour mills and canneries. The Queen Anne's 
Railroad runs from Love Point, on Kent Island, through the 
southern part of the county to Lewes, Delaware, and the Queen 
Anne's and Kent Railroad, of the Pennsylvania system, termi- 



COUNTIES OF MARYLAND 223 

nates at Centreville, the county-seat, (population 1,231), to 
which point a spur of the Queen Anne's has been extended. 
Steamboats bring the water-sides of the county withm a few 
hours' triD of Baltimore city. Queenstown, on the eastern 
water-front, was the colonial county-seat, and has an interesting 
history. A school here attained some reputation before the 
Revolution. In provincial times Queen Anne's and Talbot 
were favorite places of summer residence for leading men of 
Maryland, who cultivated broad estates in these counties m the 
intervals between their official duties at Annapolis or participa- 
tion in its social gaieties. Queen Anne's rivals St Mary's as the 
favorite field of writers of historical romances. 
WORCESTER 
Worcester county was formed in 1742, and originally 
included, with the shadowy county of Durham, all the Maryland 
territory lying on the Delaware from the fortieth parallel to the 
ocean. The center of settlement in that Worcester was "the 
Horekeele"— the present Lewes. Mason and Dixon's Line 
gave Worcester its now northern boundary. Chincoteague, Syne- 
puxent, Isle of Wight and Assateague bays take up a considera- 
ble part of the county's area of 487 square miles. Its name 
recalls the loyalty of the proprietaries to the royal house of 
Stuart Snow Hill, the county-seat, was one of the "townes and 
ports of trade" erected in 1686. It is at the head of navigation 
on the Pocomoke river, and on the Delaware, Maryland and Vir- 
ginia Railroad, and its manufactures are locally important. At 
Pocomoke City millions of baskets and crates for the fruit and 
vegetable trade are made annually, and the building of oyster 
boats and other craft is an important industry. The population 
of the town is 2,124, that of Snow Hill, 1,596, and of Berlin, 
1 246 Smaller towns are Ironshire, Girdletree, Whaleyville, 
B^hopville, Newark, Box Iron, Stockton, Kle; Grange. Worcester 
is the only county in the State which borders on the Atlantic 



224 LEADIND EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

Ocean, and it has in Ocean City a thriving and prosperous sea- 
side resort, which has been of great advantage to truckers on the 
mainland near there, and which has added materially to the taxable 
basis. The principal industries are agriculture, manufacturing 
of lumber, and the oyster and other fisheries. The people are 
chiefly of English descent. The soil varies from a light sand to 
a heavy clay, the majority of it being a good loam, with some 
clay. The principal products are cereals, fruits, truck and tim- 
ber. The lower part of the Sinepuxent bay in Worcester is one 
of the most fertile oyster fields to be found. During the season 
there are shipped from the railroad station at Girdletree about 
30,000 barrels and from Hursley about the same number, beside 
those that are consumed locally or are shipped by vessels. At 
Ocean City a fish company has been formed and annually ships 
thousands of barrels of the finest fish to northern markets. 

FREDERICK 

Frederick county was organized in 1748, named after the 
Prince of Wales, and has an area of 633 square miles, being the 
second largest Maryland county. Its topography is agreeably 
diversified by valley, plain, rolling land and mountain. Many of 
the early settlers were Germans. The county has always furnished 
its full quota of soldiers and sailors in wartime, from colonial 
days to the war with Spain. The author of "The Star Spangled 
Banner" was born here, and his remains rest in Mt. Olivet 
cemetery, in the city of Frederick, beneath the monument 
erected by the Key Monument Association, and unveiled August 
9, 1899. On November 23, 1765, the judges of the Frederick 
county court repudiated the Stamp Act passed by the British 
Parliament, and Repudiation Day was made a county holiday in 
1894. Agriculture is the leading industry, the soil being fer- 
tile and producing large crops of wheat, corn, rye, oats and 
potatoes. The mountain districts still supply a good quality of 
oak, chestnut, walnut, hickory and other timber. The railroads 



COUNTIES OF MARYLAND 225 

are the Baltimore and Ohio, the Western Maryland, Pennsylvania; 
and an electric road runs from Fredrick to Myersville. Iron ore 
and copper are found in different parts of the county, the most 
extensive deposits of the former being in the northern section, 
near Thurmont, where a large smelting plant is located — the 
Catoctin Furnace, first put in operation in 1774. Near Liberty- 
town copper mines are worked on an extensive scale. Frederick 
city, 61 miles from Baltimore, has a population of 9,296, and is 
the county-seat. A female seminary, Frederick college and other 
important private educational institutions are located there, as is 
also the Maryland School for the Deaf. Manufactured products 
of the county include lumber, flour, fiber brushes, fertilizer, 
furniture, harness, hosiery, crockery-ware, lime, poprietary arti- 
cles, etc. Frederick towns include Brunswick, Emmittsburg, 
(near which is Mt. St. Mary's College), Thurmont, Walkersville, 
Middletown, Buckeystown, Adamstown, Point of Rocks, 
Creagerstown, Wolfsville, Urbana, Libertytown, New Market, 
Ijamsville, Sabillasville, Woodsboro, Knoxville, Mt. Pleasant, 
Jefferson, Graceham, Myersville, Harmony, Johnsville, Ladies- 
burg, Unionville, Lewistown, Attica Mills, Burkittsville. 

HARFORD 

Harford county was formerly part of Baltimore county. After 
the removal of the county-seat of the latter from Joppa, (which 
is within the present limits of Harford), to Baltimore Town on 
the Patapsco, a petition for the formation of a new county was 
granted by the Legislature of 1773. The proprietary of the 
province of Maryland at this time was Henry Harford, and from 
him the county took its name. The first county-seat was Harford 
Town, or Bush, but as the settlements gradually extended farther 
and farther from the river and bay section, the people desired a 
more convenient location. As the result of an election in 1782, 
the county-seat was removed to Bel Air, where it has remained. 
The physical features of the county being so varied, the 



226 LEADING EVENTS OF iMARYLAND HISTORY 

industries are of many kinds. From the tide-water region in the 
southeastern part there is a gradual elevation, the highest point 
being 750 feet above the sea. In the spring much fishing is 
done along the Susquehanna and Upper Part of the Chesapeake. 
Sportsmen come from afar to take advantage of the duck-shooting 
here afforded. In the upper part of the county are found quarries 
of slate and limestone. Rolling fields of unsurpassed fertility 
give the tiller of the soil first place in the industries of the 
county. The pasture-land in the valley of the streams makes 
dairying profitable, and the canned goods industry has been 
encouraged to such an extent by the packers and brokers that 
Harford ranks among the first of all the Southern counties in this 
respect. The facilities for shipping are good, the Baltimore 
and Ohio and the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore 
Railroads traversing the entire southern part of the county, the 
Maryland and Pennsylvania running through a great portion of 
the central part in a north and south direction, while just across 
the river along the eastern border is the Columbia and Port 
Deposit Road. The citizens of Harford have always taken an 
active part in both State and National history. As the first 
county-seat lay on the main highway between Virginia and the 
Northern Colonies, the ideas of Washington and Jefferson and 
Patrick Henry were easily disseminated. More than a year before 
Jefferson's famous instrument was adopted, thirty-four of Har- 
ford's representative sons, duly elected by the people of the 
county, signed a resolution in which they heartily approved of 
the "Resolves and Associations of the Continental Congress and 
the Resolves of the Provincial Convention," and solemnly 
pledged themselves to each other and the country to perform 
the same at the risk of their lives and their fortunes. This is 
known as the famous Bush Declaration of March 22, 1775. In 
the court house at Bel Air are portraits of many of the distin- 
guished citizens of the county who have left their impress upon 
the State and nation. Among them are found William Paca, 



COUNTIES OF MARYLAND 227 

signer of the Declaration of Independence and twice governor of 
the state ; Dr. John Archer, a member of the first Constitutional 
Convention of the state, and Edwin Booth, one of the greatest 
of the world's actors. Abingdon, aptly termed the "Mecca of 
the Methodists," is noted as being the seat of the first 
Methodist College (Cokesbury) founded for higher education. 
Havre-de-Grace, named by Lafayette because of the resemblance 
of its location to that of the French Havre, is the largest town 
in the county, its population being 2,423. It figured in the 
War of 1812. Bel Air has a population of 961, and Aberdeen and 
other towns have from 100 to 800 inhabitants. 

CAROLINE 

Caroline is one of the smaller Maryland counties and is the 
most inland of those on the Eastern Shore. Wicomico alone 
excepted, it is the only one in that section not having an exten- 
sive bayside border. The Delaware line bounds it on the east, 
Dorset on the south, Great Choptank and Tuckahoe rivers on the 
west and Queen Anne's on the north. The area of the county 
is 320 square miles, and it was named in honor of Lady Eden, 
and its county-seat was first called Eden-Town, after Governor 
Eden. It was erected in 1773. The soil is of sand and clay, 
adapted to a variety of crops, from wheat to berries. Fruit 
growing is a prominent industry, and canneries are operated in 
every section of the county. A local industry is charcoal-burning. 
The Queen Anne's Railroad has done much to develop the 
central section of the county and to quicken village growth. 
The Delaware and Chesapeake Railway runs through the north- 
western part, and the Cambridge and Seaford Line through the 
extreme southeast. On the Choptank steamboats ply daily to 
Denton. The population of Denton is 1,050. Ridgely, 
(population 713), and Greensborough are important fruit 
shipping stations, and the next largest towns. Federalsburg, 
(population 539), on the North-West Fork of the Nanticoke, 



228 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

has several local industries, and Preston, on the Baltimore, 
Chesapeake and Atlantic Railway, which curves through south- 
western Caroline; Hillsborough, Burrsville, Choptank are 
progressive towns. Hillsborough Academy was noted among the 
classical public schools of the post-Revolutionary period. One 
of the first acts of the people of this county was the promulgation 
of the "Caroline Resolutions of 1774," pledging resistance to 
the arbitrary measures of Parliament. The county was distin- 
guished in the Revolution. At Ridgely is an extensive basket 
and berry-cup manufactory. 

WASHINGTON 

Washington county was established on the same day as Mont- 
gomery and was taken from Frederick, originally including 
Allegany and Garrett. It is bounded on the north by Pennsyl- 
vania, on the east by South Mountain, which separates it from 
Frederick; on the south and southwest by the Potomac river, 
dividing it from Virginia, and on the west by Sideling Hill 
creek, which separates it from Allegany. It is nearly triangular 
in shape. The county is abundantly watered by the Antietam, 
Beaver, Conococheague, Israel, and other creeks tributary to the 
Potomac. The principal products are wheat, corn, oats, hay, rye, 
potatoes, wool, live stock, butter and honey. The county-seat 
is Hagerstown, with a popualtion of 13,591, and an admirable 
location as a railroad center. It lies on Antietam creek, 86 
miles from Baltimore, and a seminary of high order and other 
private institutions, are among its educational facilities. The 
Baltimore and Ohio, Western Maryland, Norfolk and Western, 
and Cumberland Valley Railroads traverse the county and all 
pass through Hagerstown. The manufacturing establishments of 
the city are numerous and some of their products are bicycles, 
gloves, organs, building materials, agricultural implements, 
cigars, flour, carriages, etc. Williamsport has a population of 
1,472, and is a commercial and industrial center. Sharpsburg, 



COUNTIES OF MARYLAND 229 

Hancock, ClearspriBg, Boonsboro, Smithsburg, Leitersburg, 
Funkstown, Keedysville, and others, are thriving villages. The 
county ranks high among wheat producing counties of the United 
States, and is noted for its mountain-side peach orchards. The 
population is remarkable for intelligence, industry and thrilt. 
Its area is 525 square miles. Germans, English, Scotch, Swiss, 
and French from the border provinces of Alsace and Lovraine 
were among the original settlers. A number of families were 
established in the county as early as 1735, and from 1740 
onward the numbers rapidly increased. Washington has been 
the mother of a long line of distinguished men in every walk of 
life, who have left their impress not only upon Maryland but 
upon other states and the nation. The county may lay claim to no 
inconsiderable share in the construction of the first steamboat 
built in the United States, (1785-86). General Washington and 
Governor Thomas Johnson were patrons of the experiment of 
James Ramsey, and parts of his steamboat were made at the 
Antietam Iron Works on March 14, 1786. Sharpsburg and 
vicinity was the scene of the most terrible and bloody battle of 
the Civil War, and in the Antietam National cemetery here lie 
buried 4,667 Union dead. The Delaware and Catawba battle- 
ground at the mouth of Antietam Creek, the limestone or 
subterranean curiosity from which Cavetown derives its name, 
and old Fort Frederick, near Clearspring — the last remaining 
visible vestige of the French and Indian War — and Maryland 
Heights, rendered conspicuous in 1861-65, together with 
Antietam battle-field, dotted with monuments and tablets, make 
the county forever memorable in song and story. 

MONTGOMERY 

On September 6, 1776, the county of Montgomery was formed 
out of the "Lower District of Frederick," and named in honor 
of that illustrious hero. General Richard Montgomery, killed 
at Quebec the previous year. The county furnished a conspic- 



230 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

uous part of the Marj^land Line during the Revolution; also, 
troops in every subsequent War in which the country has been 
engaged. Montgomery has given the state at least nine members 
of the national House of Representatives, one United States 
senator, one Chief Judge of the Maryland Court of Appeals, 
three presidents of the state Senate, and has had one Cabinet 
officer. The late United States Senators Edwards, of Illinois; 
Davis, of Kentucky, and the brilliant commoner, Proctor Knott, 
of the same state, were natives of this county; and the ancestors 
of the southern Lamars and of Thomas H. Benton, of Missouri, 
were from Montgomery. The first school of any reputation in 
the county was a seminary for young men estabished toward 
the close of the Revolution, and memorable as the alma mater of 
William Wirt. The Rockville Academy (1809) and Brookeville 
Academy (1814) were next chartered and liberally endowed, and 
have been in operation ever since their foundation. Many private 
institutions of learning have since been established, and those now 
existing are at Rockville, Sandy Spring, Darnestown, Poolesville, 
and Forest Glen. The Metropolitan Branch of the Baltimore 
and Ohio Raiload runs diagonally through the county, available 
to nearly every section, and several electric roads enter the 
southeastern part, reaching various towns. The Chesapeake and 
Ohio Canal borders on southern Montgomery, from the District 
Line to Monocacy. There are numerous circulating libraries, 
and the proximity of the county to the national capital offers the 
best facilities to students and information-seekers. Braddock's 
army encamped for a night within the present limits of Rockville. 
In the early history of the county corn and tobacco were the 
staple products of the soil, until it became so exhausted that 
Montgomery lost by emigration to the new country beyond the 
Ohio large numbers of her population. In 1790 this was over 
18,000, and fifty years later, 15,456. By the introduction of 
guano in 1845 by the Society of Friends, a wonderful advance 
was made in the growing of cereals and grass, and the value of 



COUNTIES OF MARYLAND 231 

land and farm products materially enhanced. In the last twenty- 
five years the fertility of the soil has been greatly increased by 
the use of lime and phosphates. The Great Falls of the Potomac 
is said to be the largest available water power, perhaps, in the 
world, and the county has many natural advantages. Gold has 
been found in Montgomery in small quantities, and there are ex- 
tensive deposits of granite. Rockville, the county-seat, has a 
population of 1,110, Kensington of 477, Talcoma of 756, Gaithers- 
burg of 547. The area of the county is 508 square miles. 

ALLEGANY 

Allegany county derives its name from an Indian word — Alli- 
gewi, a tribe name, or Oolik-hanna, meaning fairest stream. 
Its area is 442 square mil^s, and it lies between Garrett and 
Washington, with the Potomac river separating it from West 
Virginia on the south. Its northern line is the Pennsylvania 
boundary. In this county is found the narrowest part of the 
state, and it is conspicuous by reason of the fact that coal- 
mining and manufactures give occupation and support to the 
great majority of its people, whose number places Allegany next 
to Baltimore county in population. The coal fields cover 
64,000 acres in what is known as the George's Creek (named 
after Washington) Coal Basin, west of Cumberland, between 
Dan's Mountain and Savage Mountain. The county is rich in 
other mineral deposits, also — fire clay, cement, iron ore, Medina 
sandstone, etc. The George's Creek Coal Basin is a part of that 
greatest of all coal deposits, the Allegheny field, which extends 
from Pennsylvania to Alabama. In Maryland the deposit is of a 
semi-bituminous variety, highly prized for its peculiar qualities 
and unrivalled steam-making power. The limestone and clay 
ands and the Potomac "bottoms," in parts of Allegany, are 
exceedingly fertile, and produce potatoes, wheat, corn, buckwheat 
oats and grass in large crops. Fruits, especially apples flourish 
on the mountain sides. The county is very progressive and the 



232 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

standard of education, particularly among the miners, is high. 
Vast sums of capital are invested in Allegany industries, and 
some of these are among the most extensive of their kind in the 
United States. Tin-plate, leather, cement, lumber, machinery, 
flour, glass and many other products of the county are shipped 
far and near. Next to Baltimore, Cumberland, with a population 
of 17,128, is the largest city in the State, and is constantly 
growing in material resources and size. It is the business 
center of a territory which extends into Pennsylvania and West 
Virginia. It is 178 miles from Baltimore and 149 from Pitts- 
burg, and is reached by the Baltimore and Ohio, West Virginia 
Central, (of which it is the eastern terminus), and Cumberland 
and Pennsylvania Railroads, the latter a part of the Pennsylvania 
system. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal extends from Cumber- 
land to Georgetown, D. C. Fort Cumberland, where Braddock 
camped, was the starting point of the present city. Incident 
and legend, dealing with Indian, British, French and Civil Wars, 
cluster about Cumberland, and the topography and nomenclature 
of this region is suggestive. Frostburg, 17 miles westward of 
Cumberland, is a city of 5,247 population, on a plateau at an 
elevation of 1,700 feet above sea level. The second State Normal 
School is at Frostburg. Lonaconing, a mining town of 2,181 
population, is in southwestern Allegany; Westernport, Midland, 
Barton, Mount Savage, Ocean, Flintstone, Orleans, Pekin are 
other towns. 

CARROLL 

Carroll county was formed in 1836 from the counties of Balti- 
more and Frederick, between which it lies, with Howard on the 
south and Pennsylvania on the north. The county has an area of 
437 square miles and was named in memory of Charles Carroll of 
Carrollton, who died in 1832, the last survivor of the Signers of 
the Declaration of Independence. The surface is diversified, 
being Isvel, undulating or broken, watered by fine streams issuing 



COUNTIES OF MARYLAND 233 

from innumerable streams which make up the tributaries of the 
Potomac, the Monocacy and the Patapsco. These streams fur- 
nish motive power for cotton and woolen factories, and many 
flouring mills. The soils being limestone, slate and iron, are 
fertile and easily improved. These lands respond bountifully to 
the efforts of the agriculturist, whose products are corn, wheat, 
rye, oats, buckwheat, hay and potatoes. In many sections grazing 
is fine, and dairy farming is profitable. Limestone is quarried 
in large quantities "for lime-making; and granite, marble and 
brownstone furnish excellent building material. Iron, copper, 
soapstone and flint are found in quantities sufficient to be worked 
with profit. Ample facilities for speedy and satisfactory trans- 
action of business are furnished by fourteen banks, in which the 
deposits amount to between two and three million dollars. 
Westminster, with a population of 3,496, is the county-seat. 
Other towns ranging in population from 1,200 to 500, are Union 
Bridge, Taneytown, Manchester, Hampstead, Sykesville, New 
Windsor, and Mt. Airy. Carroll was the first county in the 
United States to establish rural free delivery of mail. In 1899 
the system went into operation and at present four wagons and 
forty- six carriers distribute mail in all parts of the county. The 
Western Maryland, Baltimore and Ohio and Frederick Division 
of the Pennsylvania, are the Carroll railroads. The Western 
Maryland College and the Westminster Theological Seminary of 
the Methodist Protestant Church, are at Westminster, and New 
Windsor College, at New Windsor. 

HOWARD. 

Howard county, organized in 1851, bears the name of John 
Eager Howard, one of the most illustrious soldiers of the Revo- 
lution, and afterward governor of Maryland and United States 
senator. It fis triangular in shape, lying between Baltimore, 
Carroll, Frederick, Montgomery, Prince George's and Anne 
Arundel counties, in the heart of the Western Shore. The 



234 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

Patapsco forms its northern border, and two small branches of 
the Patuxent extend into Howard form the Anne Arundel line. 
Another branch of the same river separates it from Montgomery. 
The main stem of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, the section 
of which from Baltimore to Ellicott's Mills, was the first passenger 
railroad built in this country, runs along Howard's northern 
border, and the Washington Branch of the same road along its 
southern. The cornerstone of the Baltimore and Ohio was laid 
July 4, 1828, by Charles Carroll, then upwards of ninety years 
old, and he said of this act that he considered it second only to 
his signing the Declaration, if "even it be second to that." 
The area of the county is 250 square miles, and its topography 
is hilly and broken, with heavy forests and fertile hill-sides and 
valleys, the arable land being especially adapted to wheat, corn 
and hay. As early as 1800 the iron ore deposits of Howard led 
to the building of the Avalon Iron Works, and Howard ore is 
now the only Maryland product of the kind being smelted. In 
granite, m.arble and building stones, Howard is especially rich. 
Guilford and Woodstock granites are known throughout the United 
States. Ellicott City, the county-seat, on the Patapsco river 
fifteen miles from Baltimore, is joined to the latter by an elec- 
tric road. Ellicott's Mills, as it was known from 1774 until 
the latter years of the past century, is noted in Maryland history. 
The manufacture of flour was begun here by the Ellicotts in that 
year, and this industry is an important one in this section of the 
State. The town has a population of 1,331. Rock Hill College, 
a widely known educational institution, is located here, Wood- 
stock and St. Charles Colleges and the Ilchester Redemptorist 
institution in Howard, have made the county known wherever 
the Roman Catholic faith is preached. At Alberton and Savage 
are large cotton mills, operated by water power. Howard has 
been the birth-place or the home of many Marylanders noted in 
political life, on the bench and in the arts and sciences, and on 
her territory was first heard in Maryland the demand for separa- 
tion from the mother country. 



COUNTIES OF MARYLAND 235 

WICOMICO 

Wicomico county lies southeast of Dorset, the division line 
between the two being the Nanticoke river. Delaware on the 
north, Worcester on the east, and Worcester and Somerset on 
the south form the land boundaries of Wicomico, and the Nanti- 
coke river extends along its western side, emptying into Tangier 
sound. The area of the county is 365 square miles, and its 
name is taken from the river which flows through its central 
section into Monie bay. Salisbury, the county-seat, (1732), 
is one of the most thriving commercial towns on the Eastern 
Shore, and has a population of 4,277. It is incorporated as a 
city, and has numerous manufactures, mostly associated with the 
extensive lumber interests of the county. Salisbury is noted 
for the beauty of its situation and its substantial business 
buildings and modern homes. Delmar, partly in Wicomico"and 
partly in Delaware, is a goodly-sized town, and Tyaskin, Nanti- 
coke, Powellsville, Quantico, Pittsville, Parsonsburg, Wango, 
Fruitland and other villages are the centers of thriving commun- 
ities. Agriculture is the occupation of many of the people, 
and fruit-growing is largely [and successfully engaged in, as is 
also trucking. The melon crop is an important one. With its 
fine transportation facilities, Wicomico, like Somerset, although, 
perhaps, in a greater degree, is in competition with the truck 
farmers of Virginia in the Northern markets. Light, sandy soils, 
overlying stiff clays, are found in Wicomico, and there are areas 
of gum swamp land and of loams, the "black lo?.m" along the 
edge of Delaware being very fertile. Mardela Springs, a 
village of several hundred inhabitants, is well-known in local 
history as the location of "Barren Creek Springs," the fame of 
whose medicinal waters covers over a century. In the early days 
of the state, these mineral springs were a favorite resort of 
persons from the middle Atlantic coast territory. Francis 
Makemie established a Presbyterian church in Wicomico (then 



236 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

Somerset) county before the formation, in 1706, of the American 
Presbytery in Philadelphia, and is called the founder of the Pres- 
byterian Church in America. The Baltimore, Chesapeake and 
Atlantic Railway and the New York, Philadelphia and Norfolk 
Railroad run through Wicomico. 

GARRETT 

Garrett, the youngest of the counties of Maryland, was carved out 
of territory belonging to Allegany county, in 1872. Its first 
election for county officers was held January 7, 1873. John W. 
Garrett, then President of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, for 
whom the county was named, was instrumental in its establish- 
ment. In area Garrett is the largest county in the State — 660 
square miles. It is largely mountainous, lying in the great 
plateau of the Alleghenies, and contains much uncleared land. 
It has rich deposits of iron ore, fire clay and other minerals, 
especially coal; but the chief industries are farming, stock- 
raising and lumbering. Oakland, its county-seat, is 2,800 feet 
above sea level, and is noted as a summer resort. Mountain 
Lake Park, widely known for its Chatauqua and camp-meeting, 
and Deer Park are also in Garrett. The people of the county 
are purely American, there being few residents of foreign birth, and 
only a half-hundred negroes. The rivers and streams of the county 
abound in game fish — bass and trout — and deer, pheasants, wild 
turkeys, etc., make it the same sportsmen's paradise it was in 
the days of Meshach Browning, hunter and author. Occasionally, 
in the mountain fastnesses, a bear is seen. Its deer shooting 
has long attracted hunters from all over the country, and the 
glades and uplands are yearly alive with pheasants and wild 
turkeys. Wheat, potatoes, corn, buckwheat, and hay, are leading 
Garrett crops. The maple forest of the county yield annually 
about a quarter of a million pounds of maple sugar. Wild 
honey is abundant. The Baltimore and Ohio, West Virginia 
Central, and Oakland and State Line are Garrett railroads. The 



COUNTIES OF MARYLAND 237 

lumber industry in Garrett has long been its chief manufacturing 
interest. The first saw mill — forerunner of the many that have 
leveled the primeval forests of the county — was owned by Philip 
Hare, and placed in operation near Grantsville about 1790. Val- 
uable and productive farms have been made of the fertile lime- 
stone lands. Oakland is 246 miles from Baltimore and 600 from 
Chicago. Selbysport, Swanton, Accident, Grantsville, Friend- 
ship, Keyser, Mineral Springs, Krug, Thayersville, Finzel, are 
among the Garrett towns, and it is notable in physical geography 
as the only Maryland county having rivers flowing westward as 
well as eastward. The Youghiogheny rises in Garrett and is a 
tributary of the Ohio. 



APPENDIXES 

A 

Proprietaries of Maryland 

Cecilius Calvert 1G33 Charles Calvert 1715 

Charles Calvert 1<J75 Frederick Calvert 1751 

Benedict Leonard Calvert. . .1715 Heary Harford 1771-1776 

N. B. — It is well to remember that there were six Lords Baltimore 
and six proprietaries, but the first Lord Baltimore (George Calvert) 
was not a proprietary of Maryland and the last proprietary of 
Maryland (Henry Harford) was not a Lord Baltimore. 



/ 



B 

Governors of Maryland* 

Colonial Governors of Maryland 
Under the Proprietary 

Leonard Calvert 1033 and later Thomas 

Thomas Greene 1047 Notley 1676 

William Stone 1649 Thomas Notley 1676 

William Fuller and Com- : Charles Calvert, Lord 

missioners of Parliament . .1654 Baltimore, in person 1679 

Josias Fendall 1658 Bendict Leonard Calvert, 

Philip Calvert 1660 a minor; government ad- 
Charles Calvert 1661 ministered by Council . . . 1684 

/^Cecilius Calvert, a minor; William Joseph, Presi- 

Jesse Wharton, deputy, dent of the Council 1688 

Convention of Protestant Association, 1689 

Royal Governors 

Lionel Copley ] 092 Thomas Tench, President 

Edmond Andros {ad hi- of the Council 1702 

terim) 1693 John Seymour 1704 

Thomas Lawrence, Presi- Edward Loyd, President 

dent of the Council 1(594 of the Council 1709 

Francis Nicholson 1694 John Hart 1714 

Nathaniel Blackiston 1699 

^♦I^ioTnot know of any complete list of :\raryland governors ever published 
that is correct. The list of colonial governors here given will be found very 
different from the usual lists, but in agreement with the list prepared from the 
archives by Dr. B C Steiner and others for the Miuyland Manual, issued by the 
secretary of state The list of state governors is taken from the list prepared 
by Mr. Edward T. Tubbs for the Teachers' Maii/ia/ issued by State Superin- 
tendent M. B Stevens. A comparison with the conventional list will show 
that the terms of most of the governors have been dated from their election 
instead of from their qualification. 

J. M. G. 



240 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



Proprietary Governors 



John Hart .....1715 

Thomas Brooke, President 

of the the Council 1720 

Charles Calvert 1720 

Benedict Leonard Calvert. 17. .27 

Samuel Ogle 1731 

Charles, Lord Baltimore, in 

person 1 732 



Samuel Ogle 1733 

Thomas Bladen 1742 

Samuel Ogle 1747 

Benjamin Tasker, Presi- 
dent of the Council 1752 

Horatio Sharpe 1753 

Robert Eden 1769-177G 



Convention and Council of Safety, /774--5»6«7 
State Governors of Maryland 



Thomas Johnson 1777 

Thomas Sim Lee 177!) 

William Paca 17S2 

William Smalhvood 1 7^^5 

John Eager Howard 1788 

George Plater 1 79 1 

Thomas Sim Lee 1792 

John H. Stone 1794 

John Henry 1797 

Benjamin Ogle 1 79S 

John l-'rancis Mercer lS(tl 

Robert Bowie 1 S03 

Robert Wright ISOG 

James Butcher 1809 

Edward Lloyd 1809 

Robert Bowie 1811 

Levin Winder 1812 

Charles Ridgely ]81(t 

Charles Goldsborough 1819 

Samuel Sprigg 1819 

Samuel Stevens, Jr 1822 

Joseph Kent 182(1 

Daniel Martin 1829 

Thomas King Carroll 1830 



Daniel Martin 1831 

George Howard 1831 

James Thomas 1833 

Thomas W. Veazey 1836 

William Grason 1839 

Francis Thomas 1842 

Thomas G. Pratt 1845 

Philip P. Thomas 1848 

\\. Louis Lowe .1851 

T. Watkins Ligon 1854 

Thomas Holliday Hicks... 1858 

Augustus W. Bradford 1862 

Thomas Swann 1865 

Oden Bowie 1868 

William Pinkney White... 1872 

James Black Groome 1884 

John Lee Carroll 1876 

William T. Hamilton 1830 

Robert M. McLane 1884 

Henry Llovd 1885 

Elihu E. Jackson 1888 

Frank Brown 1892 

Lloyd Lowndes 1896 

John Walter Smith 1900 



Towns of Maryland 

Having a population of more than 3,000 (U. S. Census, 1900) 



Baltimore city 508,957 

Cumberland 17,128 

Hagerstown 13,591 

Frederick 9,296 

Annapolis 8,402 

Cambridge 5,741 



Frostburg 5,274 

Salisbury 4,277 

Havre de Grace 3,423 

Westminster 3,199 

Crisfield 3,165 

Easton 3,074 



Chestertown 3,008 



APPENDIX 241 



The Star^Spangled Banner 

The circumstances under which The Star-Spanglcd Banner was 
written by Francis Scott Key are related in the text. The song is 
said to have been sung for the first time in public by a young actor 
named Hardinge, at the Holliday Street Theatre, Baltimore, October 
19. 1814. 

The text of the poem is as follows : 

O! say, can you see, by the dawn's early light. 

What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming? 
Whose broad stripes and bright stars, through the perilous fight, 
O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming; 
And the rockets' red glare, the ])onibs bursting in air, 
Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there: 
O! say does that Star-Spangled Banner yet wave, 
O'er the land of the free, and the home of the brave? 

On the shore, dimly seen through the mists of the deep, 

Where the foe's haughty host, in dread silence reposes; 
What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep, 
As it fitfully blows, now conceals, now discloses? 

Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam. 
In full glory reflected now shines in the stream: 

'Tis the Star-Spangled Banner, O long may it wave. 
O'er the land of the free, and the home of the brave! 

And where is that band, who so vauntingly swore 

That the havoc of war and the battle's confusion, 
A home and a country should leave us no more? 

Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps' pollution. 
No refuge could save the hireling and slave 
From the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave. 
And the Star-Spangled Banner in triumph doth wave 
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave! 

O thus be it ever when freemen shall stand 

Between their loved homes and the war's desolation; 
Blest with victory and peace, may the heav'n rescued band 
Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation! 
Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just, 
And this be our motto: "In God is our trust." 

And the Star-Spangled Banner in triumph doth wave 
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave! 



E 
Cabinet Appointments 

The following citizens of Maryland have been appointed to cabinet 
positions under presidents of the United States: 



242 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

James IMcHenry — Secretary of War and the Xavy under President 
Washington. 

Benjamin Stoddert — Secretary of the Navy under President Adams 
and Jefferson. 

Robert .Smith — Secretary of the Navy and Attorney-General under 
President Jefferson, and Secretary of State 
under President iMadison. 

William Pinkney — Attorney-Cieneral under President IMadison. 

John Rodgers — Appointed Secretary of the Navy by President Mon- 
roe, but declined. 

William Wirt — Attorney-General under President Monroe. 

Roger B. Taney — .\ttorney-General and .Secretary of the Treasury 
under President Jackson. 

John Nelson — Attorney-Creneral untler President Tyler. 

John P. Kennedy— Secretary of the Navy under President p-illmore. 

Reverdy Johnson — Attorney-General under President Taylor. 

Philip F. Thomas — .Secretary of the Treasury under President Buch- 
anan. 

Montgomery Blair — Postmaster-General under President Lincoln. 

John .A.J. Cre.swell — Postmaster-General under President Grant. 

James A.Gary — Postmaster-General under President McKinley. 



Admiral Schley's account of the Battle of Santiago 

The following narrative of the events of the great naval battle 
off Santiago de Cuba, on the third day of July, 1H5(!-', i.s condensed 
from the testimony given l)y Rear Admiral Winfield S .Sciiley, second 
in command of the I'nited States forces engaged in blockading the 
port of Santiago, anil the only officer of flag rank to ]iarticipate in 
the battle, before a Court of Inquiry held at the Navy Yard in Wash- 
iuiiton in the year liMU : 

'The morning of the third day of July, 18!)8, broke clear and 
beautiful. The sky was flecked with white ciouds, and the breeze 
continued a little bit longer off the land that morning than usual. 
After I had eaten breakfast I came up to take a survey of the situa- 
tion with glasses. We were lying, at that time, possibly three miles 
or a little bit over from the land, and I wondered very much why they 
had permitted us to remain so close. It was a maiter of constant in- 
quiry and discussion on bo ird, especially why the Spanish batteries 
(lid not fire on us. At 8 4-") my orderly reported to me that signal 
had been made from the flagsliip to disregard her movements, and 
that she had gone eastwa'd. I (lid not, of course, know where she 
had gone. 

" I sat under an awning th it we had put into position each day as 
the sun arose, in order that the officers might collect there. I 
think we also had one forward for the men. I came on deck with 
my glasses, after having gone below for a little while ; and, while I 



APPENDIX 243 

was sitting abaft on a hatchway I heard a call from the forward 
bridge: 'Tell the commodore tliat the fleet is coming out.' That 
was sometime after the men had been called to quarters, about 9.35 
o'clock. . 

"The ship at that moment was lying with her head m toward 
the land, in the direction of Cabanas, which was a litile cove to the 
westward. I looked over the starboard side and saw the enemy 
coming out of the entrance to the harbor. I then looked eastward 
to see the position of our ships, and 1 saw the Te.xas apparently a 
point or more abaft our starboard beam. My own recollection is that 
the Brooklyn's head was pointing nor'-nor'-west. The Texas ap- 
peared to be heading on one of the easterly courses. To the left, 
and eastward, of her was the Iowa. The Oregon was eastward of 
the Iowa, and the Indiana was eastward of that position. The 
Gloucester was lying in under the land, in the neighborhood of 
Aguadores. The New York was out of sight and out of signal 
distance, with glasses. 

" The moment I saw that I went forward to a little platform I had 
had built around the conning tower as my position in battle in 
order to be very close to Captain Cook. I had only been there a 
moment or two when Captain Cook joined me. In the meantime, 
Mr. Hodgson, who was on the upper bridge, sang out something to 
the captain about being connected up and all ready, and at the same 
time he said to me; 'Commodore they are coming right at us.' 
' Well,' I said, 'go right for them.' The helm was put a-port, and 
the ship was started ahead. She took her way very quickly, and 
when we headed around I said to Captain Cook: ' CtO ahead, full 
speed, and hoist signal to clear ships for action.' 

"The Brooklyn, as well as the other vessels of the squadron, 
charged immediately into the entrance, in accordance with the origi- 
nal plan of sinking the enemy's ships in the entrance or driving 
them ashore. We continued directly for the head of the enemies 
column, the idea uppermost in my mind being that if we could 
arrest them long enough for the battleships, to close in and knock 
them to pieces, that would be our best point of attack. We con- 
tinued on this course, porting and starboarding to meet the move- 
ments of the leading ship, which I assumed to be Admiral Cer- 
vera's flagship. I suppose from the time we started we were ten 
or twelve minutes turning first with port helm and then advanc- 
ing direct to the enemy. I saw the ships to the eastward and 
westward closing in. I said to Captain Cook : ' Closeaction' or 'Close 
up' has been hoisted, and it means to keep inside of a thousand 
yards, out of effective torpedo range. Captain Cook was stand- 
ing alongside of me and said : ' Yes, we will soon be within the 
cross-fire of these ships.' I said : ' Yes,' and I then saw we had ad- 
vanced without firing. The first gun, I think, was- fired by Lieu- 
tenant Simpson, almost directlv over the forecastle of the ship. 

"I saw the leading ship, which apparently had started with the 
intention of ramming, take a turn ahead to the westwarri, leaving a 
gap between her and the ship following, which subsequently proved 
to be the Viscaya. We were advancing in the direction of the 



244 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

Viscaya, when she also seemed to have given up the intention to ram 
and turned to the westward, following the direction of the leading 
ship. It then became apparent, as we were steering on diametrically 
opposite courses, that the original plan had failed and that the Span- 
ish fleet, in order and apparently at distance, had succeeded in 
passing the battleship line. 

"A new feature of the fight became immediately apparent, and 
Captain Cook gave the order to port the helm. The helm was put 
hard over. I never saw the ship turn more rapidly than she did 
at that time. Her turn was absolutely continuous, and we passed 
completely around the circle. 

"The last range that was given before the Brooklyn turned was 
eleven hundred vards, and the fact of the nearness of that ship (the 
second Spanish ship) impressed itself upon my mind, and will never 
be forgotten, because 1 could see with the naked eye men run- 
ning over her turrets to her superstructure deck, and 1 observed tlie 
<laylight between their legs as they ran. Before we turned, the lead- 
ing ship was abeam, or a little abaft the beam, and when we turned 
about she was ahead of us — that is, on the starboard bow — and all 
four ships and the forts were firing at the same time, and from that 
moment the following ten or fifteen minutes were the most furious 
part of the entire combat. I remember very distinctly .seeing, from 
time to time, as mv attention was attracted for a moment, the jets of 
water ahead and astern, over and short. The roar of ])rojectiles was a 
thing that can be heard only once in a life-time, and then never 
forgotten. It appeared at that moment that all four of these .ships 
were at work upon the Brooklyn, and up to the moment of turning, 
so far as we could perceive, there was not the slightest evidence 
they had been injured. The thought passed througli my mind that, 
after all our precautions and waiting, those fellows would get 
away. At that moment I felt, and I think I remarked to Captain 
Cook, that we were alone and would perhaps have most of the fight 
on our hands, because I did not know then that the battleships could 
possibly keep up their speed. But 1 said to him : ' We must stay with 
this crowd.' 1 had no idea that we would escape. Of course, if they 
could have shot as well as our people did they would have got us. 

"When we had completely turned around on a westerly course, 
the ships appeared to have been broken up a little although still in 
some semblance of formation, and just at that moment I saw the 
Oregon break through the cloud envelope. She came into view on 
the starboard quarter of the flagship, perhaps four or five hundred 
yards distant. The two ships, the Brooklyn and Oregon, were firing 
in a manner I had never seen before. I never before realized what 
rapid gun-fire meant. Both ships were at that time a sheet of flame. 
Soon after I saw that the leading Spanish ship was evidently bat- 
tered hard. She lagged astern, and I saw smoke pouring out of her 
ports and hatches. I said to Captain Cook ,who was constantly at my 
side and always in my confidence: 'We have got one. Keep the 
boys below informed of all the movements. They cannot see and 
they ought to know.' He did so throughout the action. Every 
few minutes messages were sent below to the men that were 



APPENDIX 245 

answered oftentimes with cheers, which we could hear through the 
ventilators. 

" It appeared to be a very short interval of time after that that I 
saw a second ship on fire, which proved later to be the Oquendo. 
She evidently had suffered very severely and started immediately 
inshore, leaving the Viscaya and the Colon. The Viscaya im- 
merliately took a leading position on the bow and I thought for a 
little while that she would perhaps out-foot us. The Colon worked 
inshore, and the time between the dropping out of action of those 
two ships until the Viscaya turned inshore was a period of perhaps 
thirty minutes, during which time she was abreast of the Brooklyn 
and the Oregon. 

"On the trip outward after the turn I was very anxious about 
the ranges, because I did not want the Viscaya and the Colon to get 
out of good fighting range. Ellis, who was an expert with the 
stadimeter, constantly kept that instrument on those vessels, and, 
knowing exactly their heights reported to me that they were main- 
taining the same range. But I thought my eye was a little more 
sensitive, and I said: ' No, they are evidently gaining.' He went 
from me the second time, and that was the last I saw of him alive. 
In performing this magnificent duty he lost his life. He was struck 
about ten feet from where I was standing and instantly killed. 

"He fell to the deck, and it was a shocking sight to men who 
had never seen such things before. Lieutenant McCauley and Dr. De 
Valin got down, or rather they were standing between me and the 
turret. They picked up the body and carried it to the side. I just 
happened to see then through the opening, and called out to them 
not to throw that body overboard; that I thought that one who had 
fallen so gallantly deserved to be buried as a Christian. His body 
■was laid under the lee of the forward turret, and covered with a 
blanket, and there kept until after the battle. 

"Just before the Viscaya turned to run ashore, she put her helm 
to starboard, apparently starting out for the Brooklyn or Oregon, I 
don't remember which. Evidently at that moment she got a very 
severe wound, for I saw quite an explosion in her bow, and a mo- 
ment afterward she put her helm hard a-port, turning inshore, 
smoke coming from all her hatches. I thoiight she was going to 
capsize, she had such a tremendous list to port. Just then I saw a 
shell strike and it appeared to me to rake her fore-and-aft, and I 
thought to myself, 'She will sink in deep water.' So I told the 
signal officer to signal the Texas to lookout for her men and save 
them; but the Texas was too far astern to receive the message. Dur- 
ing this part of the fight I noticed that all of the signal halyards 
of my ship were cut, I think possibly with one exception. One of 
the speed-cones we had hoisted was cut, and came very near strik- 
ing me as it came down in front of me and went overboard. 

" After the Viscaya had turned in afire, her colors down, the 
Colon edged inshore, and appeared to be following the contour of 
the coast, and I thought at that time, looking astern and observing 
what had happened to her consorts, that she was seeking the best 
place she could find in order to end the matter at once. From 



246 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

Asssraderos, which was behind, some sixteen miles west of the har- 
bor, to the point Rio Tarquino, is perhaps about thirty miles, so I 
said to Captain Cook : 'Cease fire,' and to make the signal. I also 
told Captain Cook to let his men come out of the turrets into the 
cooler air and get something to eat. I think I went into the bat- 
tle-tower myself at that time, and sang out to the men below that 
we had got all of them except one, and that i thought they could be 
depended upon to catch that other vessel. I heard a good deal of 
merriment and rejoicing. 

" I went back to the bridge, and soon realized that they were 
doing their best. There was a jingle to the rails and a vibration 
to the vessel and I perceived that the motions of the ship were slug- 
gish. I suggested to Captain Cook that we possibly had some com- 
partments filled. He sent the carpenter down, and it developed 
that one of the after compartments had filled with water, which we 
thought was due to the fact that we had received some injuries below 
the water-line. The carpenter, as well as the captain, thought it 
unwise to examine the compartment until we could get into smoother 
water, where we could possibly handle it much moie readily. That 
course was decided upon. The ship's speed, of course, came up with 
some rapidity, and toward twelve o'clock it was apparent that we 
were gaining upon the chase. I said to Captain Cook several times 
during the action : ' Would it not be a good idea to edge i,n, so that 
we could finish these fellows quicker,' and he replied that we had 
them in most excellent target range, and that the guns of the two 
shij>s seemed to be doing most admirable work. 

"We were jiointing at that time for Tarquino Point, under Cape 
Cruz, at the point extending to the southward. My idea was that in 
steering that course, if the Colon kept up her course, she would be 
obliged to come out. I then said that I would get up a lot of extra 
ammunition, so that when she came out into clo.se quarters it would 
be a question of but a few minutes before we knocked her out. 

" As we were going out to head her ofT there were various signals 
between the Oregon and myself, of a pleasing character. The posi- 
tion of the Colon being directly under the fire of the two ships, there 
was no(|uestion in the mind of the captain of the Colon that it would 
be fatal. I think he did exactly right. A sacrifice of life would have 
been unnecessarj', so he fired a gun to the leeward, and hauled his 
flag down, and ran in on the bar at the mouth of the Rio Tarquino. 

" I signaled at once to cease firing, that the enemy had surrendered. 
We hauled u]) and immediately passed into position. When the 
surrender took place, I naturally felt interested in the vessels that 
were following. I was then on the bridge, and with glasses I saw 
three ves.sels astern. I could seethe masts of two; could only see 
smoke of the third one. We lowered the boat, and Captain Cook 
went aboard. He said to me : , Commodore, what are the terms of 
surrender?' I said to him: 'Unconditional. Those are matters 
which the commander-in-chief must arrange. We can onl}' receive 
an unconditional surrender.' 

" At two o'clock and twenty-three minutes, about, the New York 
came up. I made the signal to her that it was a glorious day for our 



APPENDIX 247 

country, and as soon as I could went on board to pay my respects. 
While I was talking to the commander-in-chief, word came to us 
that a Spanish battleship was on the coast, heading westward, and 
I was directed to take the Oregon and go eastward to meet her. We 
got under way at once ; but the Oregon was detained, and the 
Brooklyn went on alone. The supposed enemy turned out to be an 
Austrian cruiser, seeking authority to enter the harbor of Santiago. 
Before her identit}- was discovered we went at her with all our 
guns loaded and pointed, and in the dim light of approaching night 
: he had to turn her searchlight on her colors to enable us to make 
them out. We warned her off the coast and went on our way back 
to the entrance to the harbor. 

"Arriving there, I was hailed by Captain Evans, who said that 
Admiral Cervera was on board the Iowa, and would like ver}' much 
to see me. I went over to see him, and found him on the after part 
of the ship; but, before approaching him, I directed that there 
should be no cheering, as I did not think it would be proper to exult 
over a foe who had fought and behaved so gallantl}', and that we 
ought to omit that, which was done. 

" I then went over to see the .Vdmiral, whom I found, of course, 
ver}- much dejected. I said to him that I knew he had lost ever}-- 
thing, clothing as well as money, and that I wanted to say that 
the object of my visit was to inform him that my wardrobe, as well 
as my purse, was at his disposal. He replied that he thanked me 
very much, and said that he had never met a sailor who was not a 
gentleman, that he was verj' much obliged, but all he cared for was 
to send a dispatch to his government or to the Captain-General, 
announcing what had happened to his squadron. I told him, of 
course there would be no objection whatever to that. 

"That ended my part in the battle of Santiago." 

This condensed statement is taken from my testimony before the 
Court of Inquiry, held in 1901, at Washington, is o«rrect, and pre- 
sents the main features of the Battle at Santiago on July 3d, 1898, 
as I witnessed them from a position situated on the Flagship 
Brooklyn. W. S. SCHLEY, 

Rear Admiral, U.S. N. 







a:-^ -^ *-<. >^. ' 



G 

CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND 

ADOPTED BY THE CONVENTION 
Which Assembled at the City of Annapolis on the Eighth Day of 
May, Eighteen Hundred and Sixty-seven, and Adjourned 
on the Seventeenth Day of August, Eighteen Hundred 
and Sixty-seven, and Ratified by the People on the 
Eighteenth Day of September, Eighteen Hundred 
and Sixty-seven, with Amendments and De- 
cisions of the Court of Appeals, to 
and Including 94 Md. 

DECLARATION OF RIGHTS 

Preamble 
II V, f//e people of the State of 3Ia>yland, grateful to Almighty God 
for our civil and religious liberty., and taking into our serious con- 
sideration the best means of establishing a good Constitution in this 
State for the sure foundation and more permanent security thereof, 
declare: 

Origin and foundation of government. Right of reform 

Article 1. That all Government of right originates from the 
People, is founded in compact only, and instituted solely for the 
good of the vv'hole; and they have, at all times, the inalienable right 
to alter, reform or abolish their form of Government in such manner 
as they may deem expedient. 

Constitution of U. S. the supreme laio 
Art. 2. The Constitution of the United States, and the Laws made 
or which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all Treaties made, 
or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, 
are and shall be the Supreme Law of the State; and the Judges of 
this State, and all the People of this State, are, and shall be bound 
thereby, anything in the Constitution or Law of this State to the 
contrary notwithstanding. 

I'oiuers reserved 
Art. 3. The powers not delegated to the United States by the 
Constitution thereof, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved 
to the States respectively, or to the People thereof. 

State's rights 
Art, 4. That the People of this State have the sole and exclusive 
right of regulating the internal government and police thereof, as a 
free, sovereign and independent State. 



APPENDIX 249 

Common law: trial by jury— English statutes— Charter of the State 
Art 5 That the Inhabitants of Maryland are entitled to the 
Common Law of England, and the trial by Jury, according to the 
course of that law, and to the benefit of such of the English statutes 
as existed on the Fourth day of July, seventeen hundred and seventy- 
six- and which, by experience, have been found applicable to their 
local and other circumstances, and have been introduced, used and 
practiced by the Courts of Law or Equity; and also of all Acts of 
Assembly in force on the first day of June, eighteen hundred and 
sixty-seven; except such as may have since expired, or may be 
inconsistent with the provisions of this Constitution; subject, never- 
theless to the revision of, and amendment or repeal by, the Legisla- 
ture of this State. And the Inhabitants of Maryland are also 
entitled to all property derived to them from or under the Charter 
granted by His Majesty, Charles the First, to Csecihus Calvert, 
Baron of Baltimore. 

Ixight of reform— Non-resistance 
Art 6 That all persons inv( sted with the Legislative or Execu- 
tive powers of Government are Trustees of the Public, and as such, 
accountable for their conduct: Wherefore, whenever the ends of 
Government are perverted, and public liberty manifestly endanger- 
ed and all other means of redress are ineffecturl, the People may, 
and of right ought to reform the old, or establish a new Government; 
the doctrine of non-resistance against arbitrary power and oppression 
is absurd, slavish and destructive of the good and happiness of 
mankind. 

Right of suffrage 

Art. 7. That the right of the People to participate in the Legisla- 
ture is the best security of liberty and the foundation of all free 
Government; for this purpose elections ought to be free and frequent, 
and every white* male citizen having the qualifications prescribed 
by the Constitution, ought to have the right of suffrage. 
Separation of the departments of government 

Art. 8. That the Legislative, Executive and Judicial powers of 
Government ought to be forever separate and distinct from each 
other; and no person exercising the functions of one of said Depart- 
ments shall assume or discharge the duties of any other. 
Suspension of laws 

Art. 9. That no power of suspending Laws or the execution of 
Laws, unless by, or derived from the Legislature, ought to be 
exercised, or allowed. 

Freedoui of speech 

Art. 10. That freedom of speech and debate, or proceedings in 
the Legislature, ought not to be impeached in any Court of Judica- 
ture. 

*The word "white" omitted under the 15th Amendment to the Constitution 
of the United States. 



250 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

Sra/ of govertuncnt 

Art. IL That Annapolis be the place of meeting of the Legisla- 
ture and the Legislature ought not to be convened, or held at any 
other place but from evident neccessity. 

Meeting of Legislature 

Art. 12. That for redress of grievances, and for amending, 
strengthening, and for preserving the laws, the Legislature ought to 
be frequently convened. 

k'ight of petition 

Art. i;5. That every man hath a right to petition the Legislature 
for the redress of grievances in a peaceful and orderly manner. 

Levying of taxes 

Art. 14. That no aid, charge, tax, burthen or fees ought to be 
rated, or levied, under any pretence, without the consent of the 
Legislature. 

Poll tax — I'axation according to actual -a'orth — Lines 
Art. 15. That the levying of taxes by the poll is grievous and 
oppressive, and ought to be prohibited; that paupers ought not to be 
assessed for the support of the (yoverninent; but every person in the 
State, or person holding property therein, ought to contribute his 
proportion of public taxes for the support of the Government, 
according to his actual worth in real or personal property; yet fines, 
duties or taxes may properly and justly be imposed, or laid with a 
political view for the good government and benefit of the community. 

Sanguinary laws 

Art. 16. That sanguinary Laws ought to be avoided as far as it is 
consistent with the safety of the State; and no Law to inflict cruel 
and unusual pains and penalties ought to be made in any case, or at 
any time, hereafter. 

Retrospective laws 

Art. 17. That retrospective Laws, punishing acts committed 
before the existence of such Laws, and by them only declared 
criminal are oppressive, unjust and incompatible with liberty; 
wherefore, no ex post facto Law ought to be made; nor any retro- 
spective oath or restriction be imposed or required. 

Attainder 

Art. 18. That no Law to attaint particular persons of treason or 
felony, ought to be made in any case, or at any time, hereafter. 

Right to have justice 

Art. 19. That every man, for any injury done to him in his 
person or property ought to have reme<ly by the course of the Law of 
the Land, and ought to have justice ; nd right, freely without sale, 
fully without any denial, and speedily without delay, according to 
Law of the Land. 



APPENDIX 25.1 

Trial of fads 

Art. 20. That the trial of facts, where they arise, is one of the 
greatest securities of the lives, liberties and estate of the People. 

Criminal prosecutions; indictment— Counsel and witnesses — 
Trial by jury 

Art. 21. That in all criminal prosecutions, every man hath a 
right to be informed of the accusation against him; to have a copy 
of the Indictment, or Charge in due time (if required) to prepare for 
his defence; to be allowed counsel; to be confronted with the wit- 
nesses against him; to have process for his witnesses; to examine 
the witnesses for and against him on oath; and to a speedy trial by 
an impartial jury, without whose unanimous consent he ought not 
to be found guilty. 

Evidence against oneself 

Art. 22. That no man ought to be compelled to give evidence 
against himself in a criminal case. 

Freemen not to be imprisoned 

Art. 23. That no man ought to be taken or imprisoned or dis- 
seized of his freehold, liberties or privileges, or outlawed, or exiled, 
or in any manner destroyed, or deprived of his life, liberty or 
property, but by the judgment of his peers, or by the Law of the 
Land. 

Slavery abolished 

Art. 24. That Slavery shall not be re-established in this State; but 
having been abolished, under the policy and authority of the United 
States, compensation, in consideration thereof, is due from the 
United States. 

Bail and fines 

Art. 25. That excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive 
fines imposed, nor cruel or unusual punishment inflicted by the 
Courts of Law. 

Search rvarrants 

Art. 26. That all warrants, without oath or affirmation, to search 
suspected places, or to seize any person or property, are grievous and 
oppressive; and all general warrants to search suspected places, or 
to apprehend suspected persons, without naming or describing the 
place, or the person in special, are ilk gal, and ought not to be 
granted. 

Corruption of blood 

.\rt. 27. That no conviction shall work corruption of blood or 
forfeiture of estate. 

Nilitia 

Art. 28. That a well regulated Militia is the proper and natural 
defence of a free Government. 



252 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

St audi no- An>iii\s 

Art. 29. That Standing Armies are dangerous to liberty, and 
ought not to be raised, or kept up, without the consent of the 
Legislature. 

Military subject to civil poiuer 

Art. 30. That in all cases, and at all times, the military ought to 
be under strict subordination to, and control, of the civil power. 

Quartenne: of soldiers. 

Art. 31. That no soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in 
any house, without the consent of the owner, nor iti time of war, 
except in the manner prescribed by Law. 

Martial law 

Art. 32. That no person except regular soldiers, marines and 
mariners in the service of this State, or militia, when in actual ser- 
vice, ought, in any case, to be subject to, or punishable by, Martial 
Law. 

J}idi(iary 

Art. 33. That the independency and uj)rightness of Judges are 
essential to the impartial administration of Justice, and a great 
security to the rights and liberties of the People; wherefore, the 
Judges shall not be removed, except in the manner, and for the 
causes, provided in this Constitution. No Judge shall hold any other 
office, civil or military or political trust, or employment of any kind 
whatsoever, under the Constitution or Laws of this State, or of the 
United States, or any of them; or receive fees, or perquisites of any 
kind, for the discharge of his official duties. 

Rotation in office 

Art. 34. That a long continuance in the Executive Departments 
of power or trust is dangerous to liberty; a rotation, therefore, in 
those Departments is one of the best securities of permanent freedom. 

Holding offices — Presents 

Art. 35. That no person shall hold, at the .same time, more than 
one office of profit, created by the Constitution or Laws of this State; 
nor shall any person in public trust receive any present from any 
foreign Prince or State, or from the United States, or any of them, 
without the approbation of this State. 

A'elii^ioiis liberty — IVittiesses 

Art. 36. That as it is the duty of every man to worship God in 
such manner as he thinks most acceptable to Him, all persons are 
equally entitled to protection in their religious liberty; wherefore, 
no person ought, by any law to be molested in his person or estate, 
on account of his religious persuasion or profession, or for his relig- 
ious practice, unless, under the color of religion, he shall disturb the 
good order, peace or safety of the State, or shall infringe the laws of 
morality, or injure others in their natural, civil or religious rights ; 



APPENDIX 223 

nor ought any person to be compelled to frequent, or maintain or 
contribute, unless on contract, to maintain any place of worship or 
any ministry; nor shall any person, otherwise competent be deemed 
incompetent as a witness, or juror, on account of his religious 
belief; provided, he believes in the existence of God, and that under 
His dispensation such person will be held morally accountable for 
his acts, and be rewarded or punished therefor in this world or the 
world to come. 

Oath of office 

Art. 37. That no religious test ought ever to be required as a 
qualification for any office of profit or trust in this State, other than 
a declaration of belief in the existence of God; nor shall the Legis- 
lature prescribe any other oath of office than the oath prescribed by 
this Constitution. 

Disqualifications of Ministers and religious bodies. 

Art. 38. That every gift, sale or devise of land to any Minister, 
Public Teacher or Preacher of the Gospel, as such, or to any Relig- 
ious Sect, Order or Denomination, or to, or for the support, use or 
benefit of, or in trust for, any Minister, Public Teacher or Preacher 
of the Gospel, as such, or any Religious Sect, Order or Denomina- 
tion; and every gift or sale of goods, or chattels, to go in succession, 
or to take the place after the death of ihe Seller or Donor, to or for 
such support, use or benefit; and also every devise of goods or chat- 
tels to or for the support, use or benefit of any Minister, Public 
Teacher or Preacher of the Gospel, as such, or any Religious Sect, 
Order or Denomination, without the prior or subsequent sanction of 
the Legislature, shall be void; except always, any sale, gift, lease or 
devise of any quantitv of land, not exceeding five acres, for a church, 
meeting-house, or other house of worship, or parsonage, or for a 
burying-ground, which shall be improved, enjoyed or used only for 
such purpose; or such sale, gift, lease or devise shall be void. 

Administering oat lis 

Art. 39. That the manner of administering the oath or affirmation 
to any person ought to be such as those of tlie religious persuasion, 
profession, or denomination, of which he is a member, generally 
esteem the most effectual confirmation by the attestation of 'the 
Divine Being. 

Liberty of t lie Press 

Art. 40. That the liberty of the press ought to be inviolably pre- 
served; ihat every citizen of the State ought to be allowed to speak, 
write and publish his sentiments on all subjects, being responsible for 
the abuse of that privilege. 

monopolies 

Art. 41. That monopolies are odious, contrary to the spirit of a 
free government and the principles of commerce, and ought not to 
be suffered. 



254 LEADIND EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

Titles of nobility 

Art. 42. That no title of nobility or hereditary honors ought to 
granted in this State. 

Duties of the Legislature 

Art. 48. That the Legislature ought to encourage the diffusion of 
knowledge and virtue, the extension of a judicious system of general 
education, the promotion of literature, the arts, sciences, agriculture, 
commerce and manufactures, and the general ameliora'.ion of the 
condition of the people. 

Constitutions apply in ivar and peace 

Art. 44. That the provisions of the Constitution of the United 
States, and of this Slate, apply as well in time of war as in time of 
peace; and any departure therefrom, or violation thereof, under the 
plea of necessity, or any other plea, is subversive of good govern- 
ment and tends to anarchy and despotism. 

Rights retained by the people 

Art. 45. This enumeration of Rights shall not be construed to 
impair or denj- others retained by the People. 



CONSTITUTION 

All Amendments are Included in Brackets and Follow the Sections as 
Originally Adopted 

ARTICLE I 

ELECTIVE FRANCHISE 

Elections by ballot— Qualifications of voters— Residence — Removal 

Section 1. Allelectionsshall be by ballot; and every white* male 
citizen of the United States, of the age of twenty-one years, or 
upwards, who has been a resident of the State for one year, and of 
the Legislative District of Baltimore city, or of the county, in which 
he may offer to vote, for six months next preceding the election, 
shall be entitled to vote, in the ward or election district in which he 
resides, at all elections hereafter to be held in this state; and in case 
any county or city shall be so divided as to form portions of different 
electoral districts, for the election of Representatives in Congress, 
Senators, Delegates, or other Officers, then to entitle a person to vote 
for such officer he must have been a resident of that part of the 
county, or city, which shall form a part of the electoral district, in 
which he offers to vote for six months next preceding the election; 
but a person, who shall have acquired a residence in such county or 
city, entitling him to vote at anv such election, shall be entitled to 
vote in the election distinct from which he removed, until he shall 
have acquired a residence in the part of the county or city to which 
he has removed. 

Disqualifications 

Sec. 3. No person above the age of twenty-one years, convicted 
of larceny or other infamous crime, unless pardoned by the Governor, 
shall ever thereafter, be entitled to vote at any election in this State; 
and no person under guardianship, as a lunatic, or a person non 
compos mentis, shall be entitled to vote. 

Bribery Penalties 

Sec. 3. If any person shall give, or offer to give, directly or 
indirectly, any bribe, present, or reward, or any promise, or any 
security, for the payment or the delivery of money, or any other 
thing, to induce any voter to refrain from casting his vote, or to pre- 
vent him in any way from voting, or to procure a vote for any 
candidate or person proposed, or voted for, as Elector of President 
and Vice-President of the United States, or Representative in Con- 
gress, or for any office of profit or trust, created by the Constitution 
or Laws of this State, or by the ordinances, or Authority of the 



*The word "white"' omitted under the 15th Amendment to the Constitution 
of the United States. 



256 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, the person giving, or offering 
to give, and the person receiving the same, and any person who gives, 
or causes to be given, an illegal vote, knowing it to be such, at any 
election to be hereafter held in this State, shall, on conviction in a 
Court of Law, in addition to the penalties now or hereafter to be 
imposed by law, be forever disqualified to hold any office of profit or 
trust, or to vote at any election thereafter. 

Puiiishiiioit foi i/lfj^al voting 

Sec. 4. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly to pass Laws 
to punish, with fine and imprisonment, any person who shall remove 
into any election district or precinct of any ward of the city of IJal- 
timore, not for the purjjoseof acquiringa bona Juic residence therein, 
but for the purjiose of voting at an approaching election, or who 
shall vote in any election district or ward in which he does not reside 
(except in the case ])rovided for in this Article), or shall, at the same 
election, vote in more than one election district, or jjrecinct, or shall 
vote, or offer to vote, in any name not his own, or in place of any 
other person of the same name, or shall vote in any county in which 
he does not reside. 

A'lXistratioti 

Sec. 5. The Cieneral Assembly shall provide by law for a uniform 
Registration of the names of all the voters in this vState who possess 
the qualifications prescribed in this Article, which Registration shall 
be conclusive evidence to the Judges of election of the right of every 
person thus registered to vote at any election thereafter held in this 
State; but no person shall vote at any election, Federal or State, 
hereafter to be held in this State, or at any municipal election in the 
City of Baltimore, unless his name appears in the list of registered 
voters; and until the (leneral Assembly shall hereafter pass an Act 
for the Registration of the names of voters, the law in force on the 
first day of June, in the year eighteen hundred and sixty-seven, in 
reference thereto, shall be continued in force, except so far as it may 
be inconsistent with the provisions of this Constitution; and the 
registry of voters, made in pursuance thereof, may be corrected, as 
provided in said law; but the names of all persons shall be added to 
the list of qualified voters by the officers of Registration, who have 
the qualifications ]jrescribed in the first section of this .Article, and 
who are not disqualified under the provisions of the second and third 
sections thereof. 

Oat/i of office 

Sec. r>. Every person elected or appointed to any office of profit 
or trust, under this Constitution, or under the laws, made pursuant 
thereto, shall, before he enters upon the duties of such office, take 

and subscril)8 the following oath or affirmation : I, , do swear. 

(or affirm, as the case may be,) that I will support the Constitution of 
the L^nited States; and that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance 
to the State of Maryland, and support the Constitution and Laws 
thereof; and that I will, to the best of my skill and judgment, dili- 
gently and faithfully, without partiality or prejudice, execute the 



APPENDIX 257 

oflBce of , according to the Constitution and Laws of this State, 

(and, if a Governor, Senator, Member of the House of Delegates, or 
Judge), that I will not, directly or indirectly, receive the profits or 
any part of the profits of any other office during the term of my 

acting as 

A^etc election on refusal to take oatli 

Sec. 7. Every person hereafter elected or appointed to office in 
this State, who shall refuse or neglect to take the oath or affirmation 
of office provided for in the sixth section of this Article, shall be 
considered as having refused to accept the said office; and a new 
election or appointment shall be made, as in case of refusal to accept, 
or resignation of an office; and any person violating said oath shall, 
on conviction thereof, in a Court of Law, in addition to the penalties 
now or hereafter to be imposed by law, be thereafter incapable of 
holding any office of profit or trust in this State. 



ARTICLE II 

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT 

Governor'' s term of office 

Section 1. The executive power of the State shall be vested in a 
Governor, whose term of office shall commence on the second Wed- 
nesday of January next ensuing his election, and continue for four 
years, and until his successor shall have qualified; but the Governor 
chosen at the first election under this Constitution shall not enter 
upon the discharge of the duties of the office until the expiration of 
the term for which the present incumbent was elected; unless the 
said office shall become vacant by death, resignation, removal from 
the State, or other disqualification of the said incumbent. 

Time, place and manner of electi)ig (iovernor 

Sec. 2. An election for Governor, under this Constitution, shall 
be held on the Tuesday next after the first Monday of November, in 
the year eighteen hundred and sixty-seven, and on thesame day and 
month in every fourth year thereafter, at the places of voting for 
delegates to the General Assembly; and everv person qualified to 
vote for Delegates shall be qualified and entitled to vote for 
Governor; the election to be held in the same manner as the 
election of Delegates, and the returns thereof under seal to be 
addressed to the Speaker of the House of Delegates, and enclosed 
and transmitted to the Secretary of State, and delivered to said 
Speaker, at the commencement of the session of the General Assem- 
bly next ensuing said election. 

Plurality to elect 

Sec. ^. The Speaker of the House of Delegates shall then open 
the said returns in the presence of both Houses; and the person hav- 
ing the highest number of votes, and being constitutionally eligible. 



258 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

shall be the Governor, and shall qualify, in the manner herein pre- 
scribed, on the second Wednesday of January next ensuing his 
election, or as soon thereafter as may be practicable. 

Tic vote — House to decide all questions 

Sec. 4. If two or more persons shall have the highest and an 
equal number of votes for Governor, one of them shall be chosen 
Governor by the Senate and House of Delegates, and all questions in 
relation to the eligibility of Governor, and to the returns of said 
election, and to the number and legality of votes therein given, shall 
be determined by the House of Delegates; and if the person or per- 
sons, having the highest number of voles, be ineligible, the Governor 
shall be chosen by the Senate and House of Delegates. Kvery 
election of Governor by the General Assembly shall be determined 
by a joint majority of the Senate and House of Delegates, and the 
vote shall be taken viva voce. But if two or more persons shall have 
the highest and an equal number of votes, then a second vote shall 
be taken, which shall be confined to the persons having an equal 
number; and if the vote should again be equal, then the election of 
Governor shall be determined by lot between those who shall have 
the highest and an equal number on the first vote. 

Qualifications of (lovernor 

Sec. 5. A person to be eligible to the office of Governor must have 
attained the age of thirty years, and must have been for ten years a 
citizen of the State of Maryland, and for five years next preceding 
his election a resident of the State, and, at the time of his election, 
a qualified voter therein. 

lilection by Assembly 

Sec. G. In the case of death or resignation of the Governor, or of 
his removal from the State, or other disqualification, the General 
a.ssembly, if in session, or if not, at their next session, shall elect some 
other qualified person to be Governor for the residue of the term for 
which the said Governor had been elected. 

Succession — Impeachment 

Sec. 7. In case of any vacancy in the office of Governor, during 
the recess of the Legislature, the President of the Senate shall dis- 
charge the duties of said office, until a Governor is elected, as herein 
provided for ; and in case of the death or resignation of the said 
President, or of his removal from the vState, or of his refusal to serve, 
then the duties of said office shall, in like manner, and for the same 
interval, devolve upon the Speaker of the House of Delegates. And 
the Legislature may provide by Law, for the impeachment of the 
Governor; and in case of his conviction, or his inability, may declare 
what person shall perform the Executive duties ; and for any vacan- 
cy in said office not herein provided for, provision may be made by 
Law ; and if such vacancy should occur without such provision 
being made the Legislature shall be convened by the Secretary of 
State for the purpose of filling said vacancy. 



APPENDIX 259 

Governor to be Comviander-in-Chief of Militia 

Sec. 8. The Governor shall be the Commander-in-Chief of the 
land and naval forces of the State ; and may call ont the Militia to 
repel invasions, suppress insurrections, and enforce the execution of 
the Laws; but shall not take the command in person, without the 
consent of the Legislature. 

Duties 

Sec. 9. He shall take care that the Laws are faithfully executed. 

Appoi>it»ieitts 

Sec. 10. He shall nominate, and by and with the advice and con- 
sent of the Senate, appoint all civil and military officers of the State, 
whose appointment or election is not otherwise herein provided for ; 
unless a different mode of appointment be prescribed by the Law 
cresting the office. 

Appointments diirin<r recess 

vSec. 11. In rase of any vacancy during the recess of the '^enate. 
in any office which the Governor has power to fill, he shall appoint 
some suitable person to said office, whose commission shall continue 
in force until the end of the next session of the Legislature, or until 
some other person is appointed to the same office, whichever sIihII 
first occur ; and the nomination of the person thus appointed during 
the reces«, or of some other person in his place, shall be made to the 
Senate within thirty days after the nexl meeting of the Legi.^lalure. 

Rejection by Senate 

Sec. 12. No person, after being rejected by the Senate, shall be 
again nominated for the same office at the same session, unless at the 
request of the Senate ; or be appointed to the same office during the 
recess of the Legislature. 

Tiuie of Noiiiinatioti — Term of office 

Sec. 13. All civil officers appointed by the Governor and Senate, 
shall be nominated to the Senate within fifty days from the com- 
mencement of each regular session of the Legislature ; and their term 
of office, except in cases otherwise provided for in this Constitution, 
shall commence on the first Monday of May next ensuing their ap- 
pointment, and continue for two years, (unless removed from office), 
and until their successors, respectively, qualify according to Law ; 
but the term of office of the Inspectors of Tobacco shall commence 
on the first Monday of March next ensuing their appointment. 

I 'acancy during session 

Sec. 14. If a vacancy shall occnr during the session of the Senate, 
in any office which the Governor and vSenate have the power to fill, 
the Governor shall nominate to the Senate, before its final adjourn- 
ment a proper person to fill said vacancy, unless such vacancy occurs 
wdthin ten days before said final adjournment. 



260 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

Coiiiis inartial 

Sec. 15. The Governor may suspend or arrest any military officei 
of the State for disobedience of orders or other military offence; and 
mav remove him in pursuance of the sentence of a Court Martial ; 
and may remove for incompetency or misconduct, all civil officers 
who received appointment from the Executive for a term of years. 

Extra sessions of /,i-i;isla(ure 

Sec. 16. The Governor shall convene the Legislature, or the Senate 
alone, on extraordinary occasions; and whenever from the presence 
of an enemv, or from any other cause, the Seat of Government shall 
become an unsafe place for the meeting of the Legislature, he may 
direct their sessions to be held at some other convenient place. 

/ 'eto po-n'cr — \ 'etocd bills: hoiv passed — ) 'eas and nays — 
/ 'cto within six days 

Sec 17. To guard against hasty or partial legislation and en- 
croachments of the Legislative Department upon the co-ordinate, 
Executive and Judicial Dejjartments, every Bill which shall have 
passed the House of Delegates, and the Senate shall, before it be- 
comes a law, be presented to the Governor of the State ; if he approve 
he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it with his ol)jections to 
the House in which it originated, which House shall enter the 
objections at large on its Journal and proceed to reconsider the Bill; 
if, after such reconsideration, three-fifths of the members elected to 
that House shall pass the Bill, it shall be sent with the objections to 
the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if it 
pass by three-fifths of the members elected to that House it shall be- 
come a law ; but in all such cases the votes of both Houses shall be 
determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting 
for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House, 
respectivelv. If any bill shall not be returned by the Governor 
within six days (Sundays exce])ted), after it shall have been presented 
to him, the same shall be a law in like manner as if he signed it, un- 
less the General Assembly shall, by adjournment, prevent its return, 
in which case it shall not be a law. 

/ 'cto of items 

[The Governor shall have power to disapprove of any item or items 
of any Bills making appropriations of money embracing distinct 
items, and the part or parts of the Bill approved shall be the law, 
and the item or items of appropriations disapproved shall be void 
unless repassed according to the rules or limitations prescribed for 
the passage of other Bills over the Executive veto.]* 
Govctnor to examine Treasury accounts 

Sec. 18. It shall be the duty of the Governor, semi-annually, 
(and oftener, if he deems it expedient), to examine under oath the 

~*Thus amended by Chapter 194, Acts of 1890, ratified by the people, November 
3rd, 1891. 



APPENDIX 261 

Treasurer and Comptroller of the State on all matters pertaining to 
their respective offices, and inspect and review their bank and other 
account books. 

Recommendations 

Sec. 19. He shall from time to time, inform the Legislature of 
the condition of the State, and recommend to their consideration 
such measures as he may judge necessary and expedient. 

Pardons — Notice in newspapers — Reports to Le,!iislatiire 
Sec. 20. He shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons, ex- 
cept in cases of impeachment, and in cases in which he is prohibited 
by other Articles of this Constitution ; and to remit fines and forfeit- 
ures for offences against the State ; but shall not remit the principal 
or interest of any debt due the State, except in cases of fines and 
forfeitures ; and before granting a nolle prosequi, or pardon, he shall 
give notice, in one or more newspapers, of the application made for 
it, and of the day on or after which his decision will be given ; and 
in every case in which he exercises this power, he shall report to 
either Branch of the Legislature, whenever required, the petitions, 
recommendations and reasons which influenced his decision. 

Residence and salary 

Sec. 21. The Governor shall reside at the seat of government, and 
receive for his services an annual salary of four thousand five hun- 
dred dollars. 

Secretary of State 

Sec. 22. A Secretary of State shall be appointed by the Governor, 
bv and with the advice and consent of the vSenate, who shall continue 
in office, unless .sooner removed by the Governor, till the end of the 
official term of the Governor from whom he received his appoint- 
ment, and receive an annual salary of two thousand dollars, and shall 
reside at the seat of government ; and the office of Private Secretary 
shall thenceforth cease. 

Duties of Secretary 

Sec 23. The Secretary of vState shall carefully keep and preserve 
a record of all official acts and proceedings, which may at all times 
be inspected by a committee of either branch of the Legislature ; and 
he shall perform such other duties as may be prescribed by law, or 
as may properly belong to his office, together with all clerical duty 
belonging to the Executive Department. 



ARTICLE III 

LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT 

Section 1. The Legislature shall consist of two distinct branches — 
a Senate and a House of Delegates — and shall be styled the General 
Assemblv of Marvland 



262 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

Election of Senators — Term 

Sec. 2. Each County in the State, and each of the three Legisla- 
tive Districts of Baltimore Cit^-, as they are now. or may hereafter 
be defined, shall be entitled to one Senator, who shall be elected by 
the qualified voters of the Counties, and of the Legislative Districts 
of Baltimore City, respectively, and shall ser\e for four years from 
the date of his election, subject to the classification of Senators here- 
after pro\-ided for. 

Legislative districts — Election of Senators — Tenn 

[Sec. 2. The City of Baltimore shall be divided into four legisla- 
tive districts, as near as may be, of equal population and contiguous 
territory, and each of said legislative districts of Baltimore City, as 
they may from time to time be laid out, in accordance with the 
provisions hereof, and each county in the State shall be entitled to 
one Senator, who shall be elected by the qualified voters of the said 
legislative districts of Baltimore City, and of the counties of the 
State, respectively, and shall serve for four years from the date of 
his election, subject to the classification of Senators hereafter pro- 
vided for.]* 

Representation in House 

Sec. 3. Until the taking and publishing of the next National 
Census, or until the enumeration of the population of this State, un- 
der the authority thereof, the several counties and the City of Balti- 
more, shall have a representation in the Hcuse of Delegates, as 
follows: Allegany, five Delegates; Anne Arundel County, three 
Delegates: Baltimore County, six Delegates: each of the three Legis- 
lative Districts of the City of Baltimore, six Delegates ; Calvert 
County, two Delegates: Caroline County, two Delegates; Carroll 
Count\-, four Delegates ; Cecil County, four Delegates ; Charles 
County, iwo Delegates ; Dorchester Count\-, three Delegates ; Fred- 
erick County, six Delegates ; Harford County, four Delegates ; 
Howard County, two Delegates ; Kent County, two Delegates ; 
Montgomery County, three Delegates ; Prince George's County, 
three Delegates ; Queen Anne's County, two Delegates : St. Mary's 
County, two Delegates : Somerset County, three Delegates ; Talbot 
County, two Delegates : Washington County, five Delegates, and 
Worcester County, three Delegates.t 



♦Thus amended by Act of 1900, Chapter 469. ratified by the people at Novem- 
ber election. IaO. 

•^Un ler the State Census authorized by the Act of ISfil. (Special Session', and 
by the amendment to Sec 'I. the allotment of representati'in of the several 
counties in the House of Delegates is as follows : Allegany County five: .^nne 
Arundel County, four: Baltimore County, six : Calvert County, two : Caroline 
County-, 'wo: Carroll County four: C^cil County three: Charles County two: 
Dorchester County four: t-rederick County, five: Garrett County, two: Harford 
Coun-y. four: Howard County, two: Kent County two: ;Mont£romerv County. 
four: Prince George's County, four : Queen Anne's Countv. three : Somerset 
County, three: St. Marv's Countv two: Talbot Countj- three: W'ashington 
County, five: W'cora'co County, three; Worcester County, three: and Baltimore 
City, twenty-four delegates. Total. 101. 



APPENDIX 263 

Basis of representation in House — Legislative districts in Baltimore 
City may he changed 

Sec. 4. As soon as may be after the taking and publishing of the 
next National Census, or after the enumeration of the population of 
this State, under the authority thereof, there shall be an apportion- 
ment of representation in the House of Delegates, to be made on the 
following basis, to wit: Each of the several Counties of the State 
having a population of eighteen thousand souls, or less, shall be en- 
titled to two Delegates, and every County having a population of 
over eighteen thousand, and less than twenty-eight thousand souls, 
shall be entitled to three Delegates ; and every County having a pop- 
ulation of twenty-eight thousand, and less than forty thousand souls, 
shall be entitled to four Delegates; and every County having a pop- 
ulation of forty thousand, and less than fifty-five thousand souls, 
shall be entitled to five Delegates ; and every County having a popu- 
lation of fiftv-five thousand souls, and upwards, shall be entitled to six 
Delegates, and no more ; and each of the three Legislative Districts 
of the Citv of Baltimore shall be entitled to the number of Delegates 
to which th- largest County shall or may be entitled, under the 
aforegoing apportionment. And the General .Assembly shall have 
power to provide bj' law, from time to time, for altering and chang- 
ing the boundaries of the three existing Legislative Districts of the 
City of Baltimore, so as to make them, as near as may be, of equal 
population ; but said Districts shall always consist of contiguous 
territory. 

Basis of representation — Legislatize districts in Baltimore City may 

be changed, 

[Sec. 4. As soon as may be, after the taking and publishing of 
the National Census of 1900, or after the enumeration of the popula- 
lation of this State, under the authority thereof, there shall be an 
apportionment of representation in the House of Delegates, to be 
made on the following basis, to wit : Each of the several counties 
of the State, having a population of eighteen thousand souls or less, 
shall be entitled to two delegates ; and every comity having a popu- 
lation of over eighteen thousand and less than twenty -eight thou- 
sand souls, shall be entitled to three delegates; and every counts- 
having a population of twenty-eight thousand and less than forty 
thousand souls, shall be entitled to four delegates ; and every county 
having a population of fortv thousand and less than fifty-five thou- 
sand souls, shall be entitled to five delegates ; and every county hav- 
ing a population of fifty-five thousand souls and upwards, sha'l be 
entitled to six delegates and no more ; and each of the Legislative 
Districts of the City of Baltimore shall be entitled to the number of 
delegates to which the largest county shall or may be entitled under 
the aforegoing apportionment, and the General Assembly shall have 
the power to provide by law. from time to time, for altering and 



264 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

changing the boundaries of the existing legislative districts of the 
City of Baltimore, so as to make them as near as may be of equal 
population ; but said district shall always consist of contiguous 
territory.]* 

Governor to arrano;c npresentatio)! — /'roclaiiiafioii 

Sec. 5. Immediately after the taking and puV)lishing of the next 
National Census, or after any State enumeration of population, as 
aforesaid, it shall be the duty of the Governor, then being, to ar- 
range the representation in said House of Delegates in accordance 
with the apportionment herein provided for ; and to declare, by 
Proclamation, the number of Delegates to which each County and 
the City of Baltimore may be entitled under such apportionment ; 
and after every National Census taken thereafter, or after anj' State 
enumeration of population, thereafter made, it shall be the duty of 
the Governor, for the time being, to make similar adjustment of 
representation, and to declare the same by Proclamation, as aforesaid. 

Election of Delegates— Term 

Sec. 6. The members of the House of Delegates shall be elected by 
the qualified voters of the Counties, and the Legislative Districts of 
Baltimore City, respectivel)', to serve for two years from the day of 
their election. 

Time of lilection 

Sec. 7. The first election for Senators and Delegates shall take 
place on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in the month of 
November, eighteen hundred and sixty-seven ; and the election for 
Delegates, and as nearly as practicable, for one-half of the Senators 
shall be held on the same day in every second year thereafter. 

Classification of Senators 

Sec. 8. Immediately after the Senate shall have convened, after 
the first election, under this Constitution, the Senators shall be 
divided by lot into two classes, as nearly equal in number as may be. 
Senators of the first class shall go out of office at the expiration of 
two years, and Senators shall be elected on the Tuesday next after 
the first Monday in the month of November, eighteen hundred and 
sixty-nine, for the term of four years, to supply their places ; so that, 
after the first election, one-half of the Senators may be choosen every 
second year. In case the number of Senators be hereafter increased, 
such classification of the additional Senators shall be made as to 
preserve, as nearly as may be, an equal number in each class. 

Qualifications of Senators and Delegates 

Sec. 9. No person shall be eligible as a Senator or Delegate who, 
at the time of his election, is not a citizen of the State of Maryland, 
and who has not resided therein for at least three years next preced- 
ing the day of his election, and the last year thereof, in the County, 

*Thus amended by Act of 1900, Chapter 432, ratified by the people at Novem- 
ber election, 1901. 



APPENDIX 265 

or in the Legislative District of Baltimore City, which he may be 
chosen to represent, if such County or Legislative District of said 
City shall have been so long established ; and if not, then in the 
County or City, from which, in whole or in part, the same may have 
been formed ; nor shall any person be eligible as a Senator unless he 
shall have attained the age of twenty-five years, nor as a Delegate 
unless he shall have attained the age of twenty-one years, at the 
time of his election. 

Iiieli,!iiblcs 

Sec. 10. No member of Congress, or person holding any civil or 
military office under the United States shall be eligible as a Senator 
or Delegate; and if any person shall, after his election as Senator or 
Delegate, be elected to Congress, or be appointed to any ofiice, civil 
or military, under the Government of the United States, his accept- 
ance thereof shall vacate his seat. 

Iiie/i^i^ib/cs 

Sec. 11. No Minister or Preacherof the Gospel, or of any religious 
creed or denomination, and no person holding any civil office of 
profit or trust under this State, except Justices of the Peace, shall be 
eligible as Senator or Delegate. 

Defaulters ineligible 

Sec. 13. No Collector, Receiver or holder of public money shall 
be eligible as Senator or Delegate, or to any office of profit or trust 
under this State, until he shall have accounted for and paid into the 
Treasury all sums on the books thereof charged to and due by him. 

/ \jcancies 

Sec. 18. In case of death, disqualification, resignation, refusal to 
act, expulsion, or removal from the county or city for which he shall 
have been elected, of any person who shall have been chosen as a 
Delegate or Senator, or in case of a tie between two or more such 
qualified persons, a warrant of election shall be issued by the 
Speaker of the House of Delegates, or President of the Senate, as the 
case may be, for the election of another person in his place, of which 
election not less than ten days' notice shall be given, exclusive of 
the day of the publication of the notice and of the day of election; 
and if dtiring the recess of the Legislature, and more than ten days 
before its termination, such death shall occur, or such resignation, 
refusal to act or disqualification be communicated in writing to the 
Governor by the person so resigning, refusing or disqualified, it shall 
be the duty of the Governor to issue a warrant of election to supply 
the vacancy thus created, in the same manner the said Speaker or 
President might have done during the session of the General Assem- 
bly; provided, however, that unless a meeting of the General Assem- 
bly may intervene, the election thus ordered to fill such vacancy 
shall be held on the day of the ensuing election for Delegates and 
Senators. 



266 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

Tii)ic of meet ins; of Legislature 

Sec. 14. The General Assembly shall meet on the first Wednes- 
day of January, eighteen hundred and sixty-eight, and on the same 
day in every second year thereafter, and at no other time, unless 
convened by Proclamation of the Governor. 

Limit of sessions — Comf>ensation — Mileage — lixtra sessions 

Sec. 15. The General Assembly may continue its session so long 
as in its judgment the public interest may require, for a period not 
longer than ninety days; and each member thereof shall receive a 
compensation of five dollars per diem for every day he shall attend 
the session, but not for such days as he may be absent, unless absent 
on account of sickness or by leave of the House of which he 
is a member, and he shall also receive such mileage as may be 
allowed by law, not exceeding twenty cents per mile; and the pre- 
siding officer of each House shall receive an additional compensa- 
tion of three dollars per daj-. When the General Assembly shall be 
convened by Proclamation of the Governor, the session shall not 
continue longer than thirl}- days, and in such case the compensa- 
tion shall be the same as herein prescribed. 

Hooks not to be purchased 

Sec. 16. No book or other printed matter, not appertaining to the 
business of the .se.ssion, shall be purchased or subscribed for, for the 
use of the members of the General Assembly, or be distributed 
among them, at the pul)lic expense. 

Disc] nal if eat ions 

Sec. 17. No Senator or Delegate, after ([ualifying as such, not- 
withstanding he may thereafter resign, shall during the whole period 
of time for which he was elected be eligil^le to any oflice which 
shall have been created, or the salary or profits of which shall have 
been increased, during such term. 

/■'reedoin of debate 

Sec. 18. No Senator or Delegate shall be liable in any civil action 
or criminal prosecution whatever for words spoken in debate. 

Pozvers of each House 

Sec. 19. Each House shall be judge of the qualifications and elec- 
tions of its members, as prescribed Ijy the Constitution and Laws of 
the State; shall appoint its own officers, determine the rules of its 
own proceedings punish a member for disorderlj' or disreputable be- 
havior, and with the consent of two-thirds of its whole number of 
members elected, expel a member; but no member shall be expelled 
a second time for the same offense. 

Quorum 

Sec. 20. A majority of the whole number of members elected to 
each House shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business; 



APPExMDIX 267 

but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and compel the 
attendance of absentmembers in such mannerand under such penal- 
ties as each House may prescribe. 

Sessions to be open 

Sec. 21. The doors of each House and of the Committee of the 
Whole shall be open, except when the business is such as ought to 
be kept secret. 

Journals to be published — }?£?.v and nays 

Sec. 22. Each House shall keep a Journal of its proceedings, and 
cause the same to be published. The yeas and nays of members on 
any question shall at the call of any live of them in the House of 
delegates, or one in the vSenate, be entered on the Journal. 

Disorderly persons 
Sec. 2>j. Each House may punish by imprisonment during the 
session of the General Assembly, any penson not a member, for dis- 
respectful or disorderly behavior in its presence, or for obstructing 
any of the proceedings or any of its officers in the execution of their 
duties; provided, such imprisonment shall not at anyone time ex- 
ceed ten days. 

Poivers of House — Grand inquest — May call for persons and papers — 

Contracts 

Sec. 24. The House of Delegates may inquire, on the oath of wit- 
nesses, into all complaints, grievances and offences, as the Grand In- 
quest of the State, and may commit any person for any crime to the 
public jail, there to remain until discharged by due course of law. 
They ma}- examine and pass all accounts of the State, relating either 
to the collection or expenditure of the revenue, and appoint auditors 
to state and adjust the same. They may call for all public or official 
papers and records, and send for persons whom they may judge neces- 
sary, in the course of their inquiries, concerning affairs relating to 
the public interest, and may direct all office bonds which shall be 
made payable to the State to be sued for any breach thereof; and 
with the view to the more certain prevention or correction of the 
abuses in the expenditures of the money of the State, the General 
Assembly shall create, at every session thereof a Joint Standing 
Committee of the Senate and House of Delegates; who shall have 
power to send for persons and examine them on oath and call for 
public and official papers and records; and whose duty it shall be to 
examine and report upon all contracts made for printing, stationery, 
and purchases for the public offices and the library, and all expendi- 
tures therein, and upon all matters of alleged abuse in expenditures, 
to which their attention may be called by resolution of either House 
of the General Assembly. 

Adjournnioit 

Sec. 25. Neither House shall, without the consent of the other, 
adjourn for more than three days at any one time, nor adjourn to 
any other place than that in which the House shall be sitting, with- 
out the concurrent vote of two-thirds of the members present. 



268 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

ImpcacliDient 

Sec. i(>. The House of Delegates shall have the sole power of iin- 
peachinent in all cases; but a majority of all the members elected 
must concur in the impeachment. All impeachments shall l)e tried 
b)- the Senate, and when sitting for that purpose the Senators shall 
be on oath or affirmation to do justice according to the law and the 
evidence; but no person shall be convicted without the concurrence 
of two-thirds of all the Senators elected. 

r.ilh 

Sec. 27. .\ny bill may originate in either House of the General 
Assembly, ami be altered, amended or rejected by the other; but no 
bill shall originate in cither House during the last ten days of the 
session, unless two-thirds of the members elected thereto shall so de- 
termine by yeas and nays; nor shall any bill become a law until it 
be read on three different days of the session in each House, unless 
two-thirds of the members electeil to the House where such bill is 
pending shall so determine by yeas and nays; and no bill shall be 
read a third time until it shall have been actually engrossed for a 
third reading. 

/'assoi^f of bills 

Sec. 28. No bill shall become a law unless it be passed in each 
House by a majority of the whole number of members elected, and 
on its final passage the yeas and nays be recorded; nor shall any 
resolution requiring the action of both Houses be passed except in 
the same manner. 

Sfyh' o/' liiTi's — J/oilt- of euadiiioit — /.iiiiitatioiis 

Sec. 20. The stjle of all laws of this State shall be, "Beit enacted 
by the General Assembly of Maryland," and all laws shall be passed 
by original bill; and every law enacted by the General Assembly 
shall embrace but one subject, and that .shall be described in its title; 
and no law, nor section of law, shall be revived or amended by 
reference to its title or section only, nor shall anj* law be con- 
strued by reason of its title to grant powers or confer rights which 
are not expressly contained in the body of the Act; and it shall be the 
duty of the General .Assembly, in amending anj- article or section of 
the Code of Laws of this vState, to enact the same as the said article 
or section would read when amended. And whenever the General 
Assembly shall enact any Public (ieneral Law, not amendatory of 
any section or article in the said Code, it shall be the duty of the 
General Assembly to enact the same, in articles and sections, in the 
same manner as the Code is arranged, and to provide for the publi- 
cation of all additions and alterations which may be made to the 
said Code. 

Bills to be signed by Governor — Laws to be recorded in the Court 
of Appeals 

Sec. 30. Every bill, when passed by the General Assembl}^, and 
sealed with the Great Seal, shall be presented to the Governor, who, 
if he approves it, shall sign the same in the presence of the presid- 
ing officers and chief clerks of the Senate and House of Delegates. 



APPENDIX 269 

Every law shall be recorded in the office of the Court of Appeals, 
and in due time be printed, published and certified under the Great 
Seal, to the several courts, in the same manner as has been hereto- 
fore usual in this State. 

When lazi's fake effect 

Sec. 31. No law passed by the General Assembly shall take effect 
until the first day of June next after the session at which it may be 
passed, unless it be otherwise expressly declared therein. 

Appropriations— Contin_s:ent fund— Financial statement to be 
publislied unth latvs 

Sec. 32. No money shall be drawn from the Treasury of the State 
by any order or resolution, nor except in accordance with an appro- 
priation by law; and every such law shall distinctly specify the sum 
appropriated and the object to which it shall be applied; provided 
that nothing herein contained shall prevent the General Assembly 
from placing a contingent fund at the disposal of the Executive, who 
shall report to the General Assembly at each session the amount ex- 
pended, and the purposes to which it was applied. An accurate 
statement of the receipts and expenditures of the public money 
shall be attached to and published with the laws after each regular 
session of the General Assembly. 

Special lazes prohibited 

Sec. 83. The General Assembly shall not pass local or special 
laws in anv of the following enumerated cases, viz: For extending 
the time for the collection of taxes, granting divorces, changing the 
name of any person, providing for the sale of real estate belonging 
to minors or other persons laboring under legal disabilities, by 
executors, administrators, guardians or trustees, giving effect to in- 
formal or invalid deeds or wills, refunding money paid into the 
State Treasury, or releasing persons from their debts or obligations 
to the State, unless recommended by the Governor or officers of the 
Treasury Department. And the General Assembly shall pass no 
special law for any case for which provision has been made by an 
existing general law. The General Assembly at its first session 
after the adoption of this Con.stitution, shall pa.ss general laws pro- 
viding for the cases enumerated in this section which are not already 
adequately provided for, and for all other cases where a General 
Law can be made applicable. 

Del->ts re,s:ulated— Credit of the State not to be ,<riven— Public debt— 
Temporary deficiencies 

Sec. 34. No debt shall be hereafter contracted by the General 
Assembly unless such debt shall be authorized by a law providing 
for the collection of an annual tax or taxes sufficient to pay the in- 
terest on such debt as it falls due, and also to discharge the principal 
thereof within fifteen years from the time of contracting the same; 
and the taxes laid for this purpose shall not be repealed or applied to 
any other object until the said debt and interest thereon shall be fully 



270 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

discharged. The credit of the State shall not in an\- manner be 
given, or loaned to, or in aid of any individual association or cor- 
poration; nor shall the General Assend)ly have the power in any 
mode to involve the State in the construction of Works of Internal 
Improvement, nor in jfrantinj^ any aid thereto, which shall involve 
the faith or credit of tlie Slate; nor m.ike anv ajiproprialion therefor, 
except in aid of the construction of Works of Internal Improvement 
in the counties of St. Mary's, Charles and Calvert, which have had no 
direct advantaj^e from such works as have been heretofore aided by 
the State; and provided that such aid, advances or appropriations 
shall not exceed in the agjjrejfale the sum of five hundred thousand 
dollars. And they shall not use or approjiriate the proceeds of the 
Internal Improvement Companies, or of tlie vState tax, now levied, 
or which mav hereafter be levied, to payoff the jjublic debt [or] to 
anv other jnirpose until the interest and debt are fully paid or the 
sinkinji fund sliall be ecpial to ihe amount of the outstanding^ debt; 
but the General .Assembly may, without layinj( a tax, borrow an 
amount never to exceed fifty thousand dollars to meet temporary 
deficiencies in the Treasury, and may contract debts to any amount 
that may be necessary for the defence of the State. 

Extra aunf^oisalioii prohihiltd 

Sec. 35. No extra compensation shall be j^ranted or allowed by 
the (reneral Assembly to any Tublic Officer, .-Xjj^ent, Servant or Con- 
tractor, after the service shall have been rendered, or the contract 
entered into; nor shall the salary or compensation of any public 
ofTicer be increased or diminished durinjj his term of olTice. 

Lotto ics pioliihihd 

Sec. 3<) No Lottery j^rant shall ever hereafter be authorized by 
the General Assembly. 

SI arc f. 

Sec. :{7. The General .As.sembly shall pass no Law providinj^ for 
payment by the State for JSlaves emancipated from servitude in this 
State; but they shall adopt such measures as they may deem ex- 
pedient to obtain from the I'nited vStates compensation for such 
Slaves, and to receive and distribute the same efpiitably to the per- 
sons entitled. 

Sec. 38. No person shall be imprisoned for debt. 

Sec. :'.!». The General .\ssembly shall j^rant no charter for Bank- 
ing purposes, nor renew any Banking Cori)oration now in existence, 
except upon the condition that the Stockholders shall be liable to 
the amount of their respective share or shares of stock in such Hank- 
ing Institution, for all its debts and liabilities upon note, bill or 
otherwise; the books, papers and accounts of all Ranks .shall be open 
to inspection under such regulations as may be prescribed by Law. 



APPENDIX 271 

Compensation for property taken for public use 

Sec. 40. The General Assembly shall enact no Law authorizing 
private property to be taken for public use, wii hout just compensa- 
tion as agreed upon between the parties, or awarded by a jury, 
being first paid or tendered to the party entitled to such compensa- 
tion. 

Duellists 

Sec. 41. Any Citizen of this State who shall, after the adoption 
of this Constitution, either in or out of this State, fight a duel with 
deadly weapons, or send or accept a challenge .so to do, or who shall 
act as a second, or knowingly aid or assist in any manner those 
offending, shall ever thereafter be incapable of holding any office of 
profit or trust under this State, unless relieved from the disabilitj- by 
an Act of the Legislature. 

Elections 

Sec. 42. The General Assembly shall pass Laws necessary for the 
preservation of the purity of elections. 

// ife's propeiiy protected 

Sec. 4;i The projjerty of the wife shall be y rotected from the 
debts of her husband. 

Iixeniption 

Sec. 44. Laws shall be passed by the General .Assembly to protect 
from execution a reasonable amount of the property of the debtor, 
not e.xceeding in value the sum of five hundred dollars. 

Conipensation of Clerks and A'e<;isters 

Sec. 45. The (Teneral .Assembly shall provide a simple and 
uniform system of charges in the offices of Clerks of Courts and 
Registers of Wills, in the Counties of this vState and the City of 
Baltimore, and for the collection thereof; provided, the amount of 
compensation to any of the said officers in the various Counties shall 
not exceed the sum of three thousand dollars a year, and in tlie City 
of Baltimore thirty-five hundred dollars a year, over and above office 
expenses, and compensation to assistants; and provided further that 
such compensation of Clerks, Registers, assistants and ofllce expenses 
shall always be ])aid out of the fees or receipts of the offices, 
respectively. 

(•rants frotn I ' . S. 

Sec. 40. The General Assembly shall have power to receive from 
the United States any grant or donation of land, money, or securities 
for any purpose designated by the United States, and shall administer 
or distribute the same according to the conditions of the said grant. 

L 'o)i tested elections 

Sec. 47. The General Assembly shall make provisions for all 
cases of contested elections of any of the officers, not herein 
provided for. 



272 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

Cor/^orafioiis 

Sec. 48. Corporations may be forincd mule rgeiieral Laws; but 
shall not be created by special act, except for municipal ])urposes, 
and except in cases wlicre no general Laws exist, ])rovidinj,' for the 
creation of Corporations of the same general character, as the 
corporation proi)oscd to l)e created; and any act of incor])oration 
passed in violation of this section shall V)e void. And as soon as 
practicable, after the adoi)li()n of this Constitution, it shall be the 
duty of the Governor to aj)])oint three persons learned in the Law, 
wliose duty it shall be to ])rep:ire drafts of general Laws, i)r()viding 
for the creation of corporations, in such cases as may be proper, and 
for all other cases, where a general Law can be made; and for 
revising and amending, so far as may be necessary or exjiedient, 
the General Laws which may be in existence on the first day of 
June, eighteen hundred and sixty-seven, providing for the creation 
of corporations, and for other purposes; and such drafts of Laws 
shall by said commissioners, be submitted to the (reneral .\ssembly, 
at its first meeting, for its action thereon; and each of said commis- 
sioners shall receive a com])ensation of five hundred dollars for his 
services, as such commissioner. 

All Charters granted or ado])ted in jjursuauce of this section, and 
all Charters heretofore granted and created, subject to repeal or 
modification, may be altered, from titne to time, or be repealed; 
provided, nothing herein contained shall be construed to extend to 
Banks, or the incorporation thereof. 

CorporaiioHS 

[Sec. 48. Corporations may be formed under general laws, but 
shall not be created by special act, exce])t for municii)al jiurposes and 
exce])t in ca'-es where no general Laws exist, provi'ling for the 
creation of cor])oratit)ns of the same general character as tlie corjio- 
ration ])ropose(l to l)e created, and any act of incorjioration ])assed 
in violation of this section shall be void; all charters granted or 
adopted in jmrsuance of this section, and all charters heretofore 
granted and created subject to repeal or modification, may be altered 
from time to time, or be repeaL-d; provided, nothing herein con- 
tained shall be construed to extend to banks or the incorporation 
thereof; the General Assembly shall not alter or ameiu^ the charter 
of any corporation existing at the time of the adoption of this Article, 
or pass any other general or special Law for the benefit of such 
corporation except upon the condition that such corporation shall 
surrender all claim to exemption from taxation or from the re])eal 
or modification of its charter, and that such corporation shall there- 
after holfl its charter subject to the provisions of this Constitution; 
and any corporation chartered by this State which shall accept, use, 
enjoy or in anywise avail itself of any rights, privileges, or advan- 
tages that may hereafter be granted or conferred by any general or 



APPENDIX 273 

special Act, shall be conclusively presumed to have thereby sur- 
rendered any exemption from taxation to which it may be entitled 
under its charter, and shall be thereafter subject to taxation as if no 
such exemption has been granted by its charter.]* 

E/ciiioiis 

Sec. 49. The General Assembly shall have power to regulate by 
law, not inconsistent with this Constitution, all matters which relate 
to the Judges of Election, time, place and manner of holding 
elections in this State, and of making returns thereof. 

Bribery— Punish jnetii — Evidence — Disqua/ijicatioii 

Sec 50. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly at its first 
session, held after the adoption of this Constitution, 1o provide by 
Law for the punishment, by fine, or imprisonment in the Penitentiary 
or both, in the discretion of the Court, of any person who shall bribe 
or attempt to bribe any Executive, or Judii ial officer of the State of 
Maryland, or any member, or officer of the General Assembly of the 
State of Maryland, or of any Municipal Corporation in the State of 
Maryland or any Executive officer of such corporation, in order to 
influence him in the performance of any of his official duties; and 
also, to provide by Law for the punishiiient, by fine, or imprison- 
ment in the Penitentiary, or both, in the discretion of the Court, of 
any of said officers, or members, who shall demand or receive any 
bribe, fee, reward or testimonial for the performance of his official 
duties, or for neglecting or failing to perform the same; and also, to 
provide by Law for compelling any person so bribing, or attempting 
to bribe, or so demanding or receiving a bribe, fee, reward or 
testimonial, to testify against any person or persojis who may have 
committed any of said oflfences; provided, that any person so 
compelled to testify shall be exempted from trial and punishment 
for the offence of which he may have been guilty; and any person 
convicted of such offence shall, as part of the punishment'thereof, 
be forever disfranchised and disqualified from holding any office of 
trust or profit in this State. 

Taxation of personal properly 

Sec. 51. The personal property of residents of this State shall be 
subject to taxation in the county or citv where the resident bona fide 
resides for the greater part of the year, for which the tax may or 
shall be levied, and not elsewhere, except goods and chattels perma- 
nently located, which shall be taxed in the city or countv where they 
are so located. 

Taxation of personal property 

[Sec. 51. The personal property of residents of this State shall 
be subject to taxation in the county or city where the resident bona 
fide resides for the greater part of the year for which the tax mav or 
shall be levied, and not elsewhere, except goods and chattels 



*18Q1 ^^^"''^'^ '^y Charter 195, Acts of ISiW, ratified by the people November 



3,189]. 



274* LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

pcniiaueiitly located, which shall he taxeil in the city or county 
where they are so located, hut the Cieneral As.seinl)ly may hy law 
priivide for the taxation of mortgages upon })roperty in this State 
ami the dehts secured thcrehy in the county or city where such 
property is situated.]* 

Private claims 
Sec. 52. The General Asseniljly shall ajjpropriate no money out 
of the Treasury for payment of any private claim against the vState 
exceeding three hundred dollars, unless said claim shall have heen 
first i)resentcd to the Comptroller of the Treasury, together with the 
proofs upon which the same is founded, and reported upon hy him. 

// 'i/>itssis 
Sec. ."»;{. No person shall he incompetent, as a witness, on account 
of race or color, unless hereafter so declared hy .\ct of the General 
Assembly. 

Counties fop-hiddtu to wiitrait debts rcit/iout auttiority 
Sec. .■■»4. No County of this State shall contract any debt, or 
obligation, in the construction of any Railroad, Canal, or other 
Work of Internal Improvement, nf)r give, or loan its credit to or in 
aid of anv association, or corporation, uidess authorized by an Act 
of the General Assembly, which shall be pulilished for two months 
before the next election for numbers of the House of Delegates in 
the newspapers published in such County, and shall also be 
approved bv a majority of all the members elected to each House of 
the General A.ssembly, at its next session after said election. 
//aheas Corpus 
Sec. ,5r). The General Assembly shall pass no law suspending the 
privilege of the Writ of lialwas Corpus. 

/\>7cers of' . Isseiiih/y 
Sec. 50. The General Assembly shall have power to pass all such 
Laws as may be necessary and pro])er for carrying into execution 
the powers vested by this Constitution, in any^Deparlnient or oflice 
of the Government, and the duties imjiosed upo*n them thereby. 

Interest 
Sec. 57. The I.efal rate of Int*^rest shall be six per cent, per 
annum, unless otherwise provided l)y the General .Assembly. 
/'oreii; n corporations 
Sec. 5H. The Legislature, at its first session after the ratification 
of this Constitution, shall provide by Law for State and municipal 
taxation upon the revenues accruing from business done in the State 
by all foreign corporations. 

Pension system ahotis/ied 
Sec. 59. The office of "State Pension Commissioner" is hereby 
abolished; and the Legislature shall pass no law; creating such 
oflSce, or establishing any general pension system within this State. 

*Th\is anieiuled bv Chapter 4L'<i. .\cts of ISitO, ratified by the people November 
3, 1891. 



APPENDIX 275 

ARTICLE IV 



JUDICIARY DEPARTMENT 

Pa)t I: — ( I en era/ Pi v i 'isiofis 

Coiiris—Jnstict's of tlic reace 

Section 1. The Judicial power of this State shall be vested in a 
Court of Appeals, Circuit Courts, Orphans' Courts, such Courts for 
the City of Baltimore as are hereinafter provided for, and Justices of 
the Peace; all said Courts shall he Courts of Record, and each shall 
have a seal to be used in the authentication of all process issuinj^^ 
therefrom. The ])rocess and official character of Justices of the Peace 
shall be authenticated as hath heretofore been practised in this State, 
or may hereafter be prescribed by Law. 

Qua/ iji I at ion so/ Judges 

Sec. 2. The Judges of all of the said Courts shall be citizens of 
the State of Maryland, and qualified voters under this Constitution, 
and shall have resided therein not less than five years, and not less 
than six months next preceding their election or appointment in the 
judicial circuit, as the case may be, for which tliey may be respec- 
tively elected or appointed. They shall be not less than thirty years 
of age at the time of their election or appointment, and shall be 
selected from those who have been admitted to practice J<aw in this 
State, and who are most distinguished for integrity, wisdom and 
sound legal knowledge. 

E/cdion of Judges — Term of office — Relircinent 

Sec. 3. The Judges of the said several Courts shall be elected in the 
Counties by the qualified voters in their respective Judicial Circuits 
as hereinafter provided, at the general election to be held on 
the Tuesday after the first Monday in November next, and in the 
City of Baltimore, on the fourth Wednesday of October next. Each 
of the said Judges shall hold his office for the term of fifteen years 
from the time of his election, and until his successor is elected and 
qualified, or until he shall have attained the age of seventy years, 
whichever may first happen, and be re-eligible thereto until he shall 
have attained the age of seventy years, and not after; but in case of 
any Judge who shall attain the age of seventy' years whilst in ofiice, 
such Judge may be continued in office by the General Assembly for 
such further time as they may think fit, not to exceed the term for 
which he was elected, by a resolution to be passed at the session 
next preceding his attaining said age. In case of the inability of any 
of said Judges to discharge his duties which efiiciency, by reason of 
continued sickness, or of physical or mental infirmity, it shall be in 
the power of the General Assembly, two-thirds of the members of 
each House concurring, with the approval of the Governor, to retire 
said judge from office. 



276 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

k'i'Dioial ofjiidi^cs 

Sec. 4. Any Judge shall be removed from office by the ("lOvernor, 
on conviction in a Court of Law, of incompetency, of wilful neglect 
of duty, misbehavior in oilice or any other crime, or on impeach- 
ment, according to this Constitution, or the Laws of the vState; or on 
the address of the General Assemblv, two thirds of each House con- 
curring in such address, and the accuseil having been notified of the 
charges against him, and having had ojiportunity of making his 
defence. 

Sec. 5. .\fter the election for Judges, to l)e held as above men- 
tioned, upon the expiration of the term, or in case of the death, 
resignation, removal, or other discjualification of any Judge, the 
Governor shall ai)i)oint a person duly cjnalified to fill said office, who 
shall hold the same until the next general election for members of 
the (rcneral Assembly, when a successor shall be elected, whose 
tenure of office shall be the same, as hereinbefore provided; but if 
the vacancy shall occur in the city of Raltimore, the time of election 
shall be the fourth Wednesday in October following. 

lilcdion of /luiiics — .Ippoiuttiuut by Governor 
[Sec. 5. After the election for Judges, as hereinbefore provided, 
there shall be held in this State, in every fifteenth year thereafter, 
on the Tuesday after the first Monday in is'ovember of such year, an 
election forjudges as herein provided; and in case of death, resigna- 
tion, removal or discpialification by reasoji of age or otherwise of any 
Judge, the Govtrnor shal' appoint a ])erson duly qualified to fill said 
office, who shall hold the same until the next General Election for 
members of the General Assembly, when a successor shall be elected, 
whose term of office shall be the same as hereinljefore provided, and 
upon the expiration of the term of fifteen years for which any Judge 
mav be elected to fill a vacancy, an election for his successor shall take 
place at the next General Election for members of the General Assem- 
bly to occur u])on or after the expiration of his said term; and the 
Crovernor shall appoint a person duly c)ualified to hold said office from 
the expiration of such term of fifteen years until the election and 
qualification of his successor. J" 

Sec. G. All Judges shall, bv virtue of their ofllces be Conservators 
of the Peace throughout the State; and no fees, or perquisites, com- 
mission or reward of any kind, shall be allowed to any Judge in tliis 
State, besides his annual salary, for the discharge of any Judicial 
duty. 

Disijiialifuafioiis 

Sec. 7. No Ju<lge shall sit in any case wherein he may be inter- 
ested, or where either of the parties nmy be connected with him by 
affinity or consanguinity within such degrees as now are or may 
hereafter be prescribed by Law, or where he shall have been of 
counsel in the case. 

*Thus amenied by ' ct of ISSO.ch. 417, ratified by the people at November 
election, 18M. 



APPENDIX 277 

Sec. S. The parties to any cause may submit the same to the 
court for decermination, without the aid of a jury; and the Judge, or 
Judges of any Court of this vState, except the Court of Appeals, shal, 
order and direct the record of proceedings in any suit or actionl 
issue or petition, presentment or indictment, pending in such court, 
to be transmitted to some other court, (and of a different circuit, if 
the party applying shall so elect,) having jurisdiction in such cases, 
whenever any party to such cause or the counsel of any party, shall 
make a suggestion, in writing, supported by the affidavit of such 
party or his counsel, or other proper evidence, that the party cannot 
have a fair or impartial trial in the court in which suit, or action, 
issue or petition, presentment or indictment is pending, or when the 
Judges of said court shall be disqualified under the provisions of this 
Constitution to sit in any such suit, action, issue or petition, present- 
ment or indictment; and the General Assembly shall make such 
modifications of existing Law as may be necessary to regulate and 
give force to this provision. 

Trial -n'ithout jury — Removal of cases 

[Sec. 8. The parties to any cause may submit the same to the 
Court for determination without the aid of a Jury and in all suits or 
actions at law, issues from the Orphans' Court or from any Court 
sitting in Equity, and in all cases of presentments or indictments 
for offences which are or may be punishable by death pending in 
any of the Courts of Law of this State having jurisdiction thereof, 
upon suggestion in writing under oath of either of the parties to said 
proceedings, that such party cannot have a fair and impartial trial 
in the Court in which the same may be pending, the said Court shall 
order and direct the Record of Proceedings in such vSuit or Action, 
Issue, Presentment or Indictment, to be transmitted to some other 
Court having jurisdiction in such case, for trial; but in all other 
cases of Presentment or Indictment pending in any of the Courts of 
Law in this State having jurisdiction thereof, in addition to the 
suggestion in writing of either of the parties to such Presentment or 
Indictment that such party cannot have a fair and impartial trial in 
the Court in which the same may be pending, it shall be necessary 
for the party making such suggestion to make it satisfactorily appear 
to the Court that such suggestion is true, or that there is reasonable 
ground for the same; and thereupon the said Court shall order and 
direct the Record of Proceedings in such Presentment or Indictment 
to be transmitted to some other Court having jurisdiction in such 
cases for trial; and such right of removal shall exist upon suggestion 
in cases when all the Judges of said Court may be disqualified, under 
the provisions of this Constitution to sit in any case; and said court 
to which the Record of Proceedings in such Suit or Action, Issue, 
Presentment or Indictment may be so transmitted, shall hear and 
determine the same in like manner as if such Suit or Action, Issue, 
Presentment or Indictment has been originally instituted therein;. 



278 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

and the General Assembly shall make such modification of existing 
law as may be necessary to regulat« and give force to this 
provision. 1* 

Officers of Co mi; hoxv appoiiUi'd 

Sec. 9. The Judge or Judges of any Court may appoint such 
officers for their respective Courts as may be found necessary ; and 
such officers of the Courts in the City of Baltimore shall be appointed 
by the Judges of the Supreme Bench of Baltimore City. It shall be 
the duty of the General Assembly to })rescribe by law a fixed 
compensation for all such offiicers, and said Judge or Judges shall 
from time to time investigate the expenses, costs and charges of 
their respective Courts, with a view to a change or reduction there- 
of, and report the result of such investigation to the General As- 
sembly for its action. 

A'l'ivnfs — /■'cYS — / isi/on'ti/ po7i 'cr — Rules 

Sec. 10. The Clerks of the several Courts created or continued by 
this Constitution shall have charge and custody of the records and 
other papers ; shall jierforin all the duties, and be allowed the fees 
whicli a])pertain to their several offices, as the same now are or may 
hereafter be regulated by law. And the office and business of said 
Clerks, in all tlieir departments, shall be subject to the visitorial 
power of the Judges of their respective Courts, who shall exercise 
the same, from time to time, so as to insure the faithful perform- 
ance of the duties of .said offices ; and it shall be the duty of the 
Judges of said Courts respectively, to make from time to time such 
rules and regulations as may be necessary and proper for the govern- 
ment of said Clerks, and for the performance of the duties of their 
offices, which shall have the force of law until repealed or modified 
by the General Assemblj'. 

Iileetio)! reinnis — Cojiniiissious 

Sec. 11. The election for Judges hereinbefore provided, and all 
elections for Clerks, Registers of Wills and other officers provided in 
this Constitution, except vState's Attorneys, shall be certified, and 
the returns made by the Clerks of the Circuit Courts of the Counties, 
and the Clerk of the vSuperior Court of Baltimore City, respectively, 
to the Governor, who shall issue commissions to the different persons 
for the offices to whicli they shall have been, respectively, elected; 
and in all such elections the person having the greatest number of 
votes shall be declared elected. 

'J'ie e/ee/ions 

Sec. 1?. If in any case of election forjudges. Clerks of the Courts 
of Law, and Register of Wills, the opposing candidates shall have 
an equal number of votes, it shall be the duty of the Governor to 
order a new election ; and in case of any contested election the 
Governor shall send the returns to the House of Delegates, which 



♦Thus amended by Act of 18T4, ch. 3tit, ratified by the people at November 
election, 1875. 



APPENDIX 279 

shall judge of the election and qualification of the candidates at such 
election, and if the judgment shall be against the one who has been 
returned elected, or the one who has been commissioned by the 
Governor, the House of Delegates shall order a new election within 
thirty days. 

Sty/c of CoiiiiiiissioHS 

Sec. 13. All Public Commissions and Grants shall run thus : 
" The State of Maryland, &c.," and shall be signed by the Governor, 
with the Seal of the State annexed ; all writs and process shall run 
in the same style, and be tested, sealed and signed as heretofore, or 
as may hereafter be provided by law ; and all indictments shall con 
elude, "against the peace, government and dignity of the State.'' 

Fart II. — CoHti of Appeals 

Chief Jiidge^Jurisdictiou — Sessions 

Sec. 14. The Court of Appeals shall be composed of the Chief 
Judges of the first seven of the several Judicial Circuits of the State 
and a Judge from the City of Baltimore specially elected thereto, 
one of whom shall be designated by the Governor, by and with the 
advice and consent of the Senate, as the Chief Judge ; and in all 
cases until action by the Senate can be had, the Judge so designated 
by the Governor shall act as Chief Judge. The Judge of the Court 
of Appeals from the City ot Baltimore shall be elected by the quali- 
fied voters of said city at the election of Judges to be held therein, 
as hereinbefore provided ; and in addition to his duties as Judge of 
the Court of Appeals, shall perform such other duties as the General 
Assembly shall prescribe. The jurisdiction of .said Court of Appeals 
shall be co-extensive with the limits of the State, and such as now is 
or may hereafter be prescribed by Law. It shall hold its sessions in 
the City of Annapolis, on the first Monday in April, and the first 
Monday in October; [on the second Monday in January, the first 
Monday in April and the first Monday in October]"' of each and every 
year, or at such other limes as the General Assembly may by Law 
direct. Its sessions shall continue not less than ten months in the 
year, if the business before it shall so require ; and it shall be compe- 
tent for the Judges temporarily to transfer their sittings elsewhere 
upon sufficient cause. 

Ouoriim^udge beloic not to sit — Opinion 

Sec. 15. Four of said Judges shall constitute a quorum ; no cause 
shall be decided without the concurrence of at least three ; but the 
Judge who heard the cause below shall not participate in the deci- 
sion ; in every case an opinion, in writing, shall be filed within three 
months after the argument or submission of the cause; and the 
judgment of the court shall be final and conclusive ; and all cases 
shall .stand for hearing at the first term after the transmission of the 
record. 



'Terms thus arranged by Act of 1886. ch. 185. 



280 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

Piih/ication of A'eports 
Sec. 16. Provision shall be made by law for publishing reports of 
cases argued and determined in the Court of Appeals, which the 
Judges shall designate as proper for publication. 

Clerks — Roiioi'al — I 'acaucv 

Sec. 17. There shall be a Clerk of the Court of Appeals, who shall 
be elected by the legal and qualified voters of the State, who shall 
hold his office for six years, and until his successor is duly (jualified; 
he shall be subject to removal by the said Court for incompetency, 
neglect of duty, misdemeanor in office, or such other cause or causes 
as ma)' be prescribed by law , and in case of a vacancy in the office 
of said Clerk, the Court of Appeals shall appoint a Clerk of said 
Court, who shall hold his office until election and qualification of his 
successor, who shall be elected at the next general election for mem- 
bers of the General Assembly ; and the person so elected shall hold 
his office for the term of six years from the time of election. 

Rules for Appeals — Record — Practice — Costs — Rules in Equity 

Sec. 18. It shall be the duty of the Judges of the Court of Appeals, 
as soon after their election under this Constitution as practicable, to 
make and publish rules and regulations for the prosecution of appeals 
to said appellate court whereby they shall prescribe the i)eriods 
within which appeals may be taken, what part or parts of the pro- 
ceedings in the court below shall constitute the record on appeal and 
the manner in which such appeals shall be brought to hearing or 
determination, and shall regulate, generally, the practice of said 
Court of Appeals so as to prevent delays and promote brevity in all 
records and proceedings brought into said court, and to abolish and 
avoid all imnecessary costs and expenses in the prosecution of ap- 
peals therein ; and the said Judges shall make such reductions in the 
fees and expenses of the said courts as they may deem advisable. 
It shall be the duly of said Judges of the Court of Appeals, as soon 
after their election as practicable, to devise and promulgate by rules 
or orders, forms and modes of framing and filing bills, answers and 
other proceedings and pleadings in Equity ; and also forms and 
modes of taking and obtaining evidence, to be used in Equity cases; 
and to revise and regulate, generally, the practice in the Courts of 
Equity of this State, so as to prevent delays, and to promote brevity 
and conciseness in all pleadings and proceedings therein, and to 
abolish all unnecessary costs and expenses attending the same. And 
all rules and regulations hereby directed to be made shall, when 
made, have the force of Law until rescinded, changed or modified 
by the said Judges, or the General Assembly. 

Part III. — Circuit Courts 
Judicial Circuits 
Sec. 19. The State shall be divided into eight Judicial Circuits, in 
manner following, viz : The Counties of Worcester, Somerset, Dor- 
chester and Wicomico,* shall constitute the First Circuit ; the 
Counties of Caroline, Talbot, Queen Anne's, Kent and Cecil, the 



APPENDIX * 281 

Second ; the Counties of Baltimore and Harford, the Third ; the 
Counties of Allegany, Washington and Garrett, t the Fourth'; the 
Counties of Carroll, Howard and Anne Arundel, the Fifth; the 
Counties of Montgomery and Frederick, the Sixth ; the Counties of 
Prince George's, Charles, Calvert and St. Mary's, the Seventh and 
Baltimore City, the Eighth. 

Coiiniy Coiiiis—Jin-isdiciion 

Sec. 20. A Court shall be held in each Countv of the State, to be 
styled the Circuit Court for the County in which it may be held. 
The said Circuit Courts shall have and exercise, in the respective 
Counties, all the power, authority and jurisdiction, original and ap- 
pellate, which the present Circuit Courts of this State now have and 
exercise, or which may hereafter be prescribed by Law. 

OucJ Jitdoc and t'a'o Associates—Residence — Terms— Onorum 

Sec. 21. For each of the said Circuits (excepting the Eighth) 
there shall be a Chief Judge and two Associate Judges, to be styled 
Judges of the Circuit Court, to be elected or appointed as herein 
provided. And no two of said Associate Judges shall at the time of 
their election, or a])pointnient, or during the term for which they 
may have been elected or appointed, reside in the same Countv. I'f 
two or more persons shall be candidates for Associate Judge in the 
same County, that one only in said County shall be declared elected 
who has the highest number of votes in the Circuit. In case any 
two candidates for Associate Judge, residing in the same County, 
shall have an equal number of votes, greater thqn any other candi- 
date for Associate Judge in the Circuit, it shall be the dutv of the 
Gov, rnor to order a new election for one .\ssociate Judge ; but the 
person residing m any other Countv of the Circuit, and who has the 
next highest number of votes, shall be declared elected. The said 
Judges shall hold not less than two terms of the Circuit Court in 
each of the Counties, composing their respective Circuits, at such 
times as are now, or may hereafter be prescribed, to which Jurors 
shall be summoned ; and in those Counties where only two such 
terms are held, two other and intermediate terms, to which Jurors 
shall not be summoned ; they mav alter or fix the times for holding 
any or all terms, until otherwise prescribed, and shall adopt rules to 
the end that all business not requiring the interposition of a Jury 
shall be, as far as practicable, disposed of at said intermediate tei ms. 
One Judge in each af the above Circuits shall constitute a quorum 
for the transaction of any business ; and the said Judges, or any of 
them, may hold Special Terms of their Courts, whenever in their 
discretion, the business of the several Counties renders such Terms 
necessary. 



'■Wicomico formed .since the adoption of this Constitution, 
t Garrett formed since the adoption of this Constitution. 



282 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

Court in Imni 

Sec. 22. Where aii)- term is held, or trial conducted by less than 
the whole number of said Circuit Judges, upon the decision or de- 
termination of any ])oint or (juestion by the Court, it shall be com- 
petent to the party against whom the ruling or decision is made, 
upon motion, to have the point or tjuestion reserved for the consid- 
eration of the the three Judges of the Circuit, who shall constitute a 
Court in banc for such purpose ; and the motion for such reservation 
shall be entered of record during the sitting at which such decision 
may be made ; and the several Circuit Courts shall regulate, by rules, 
the mode and manner of presenting such points or questions to the 
Court in ha)i(\ and the decision of the said Court in ba tic shaW be the 
effective decision in the premises, and conclusive, is against the 
party at whose motion said points or (jueslions were reserved ; but 
such decision in /)ij;/r shall not preclude the right of appeal or writ of 
error to the adverse party in those cases, civil or criminal, in which 
appeal or writ of error to the Court of Appeals may be allowed by 
law. The right of having questions reserved shall not, however, 
apply to trials of Appeals from judgments of Justices of the Peace, 
nor to Criminal cases below the grade of felony, exce])t when the 
punishment is confinement in the penitentiary ; and this section 
shall l)e subject to such provisions as may hereafter be made by law. 

(Opinions 

Sec. 28. The Judges of the respective Circuit Courts of this State, 

and of the Courts of Baltimore City, shall render their decisions in 

all cases argued before them or submitted for their judgment, within 

two months after the same shall have been so argued or submitted. 

Salaries 
Sec. 24. The salary of each Chief Judge, and of the Judge of the 
Court of Appeals from the City of Baltimore, shall be three thous- 
and five hundred dollars, and of each .Associate Judge of the 
Circuit Court, shall be two thousand eight hundred dollars per 
annum payable quarterh-, and shall not be diminished during his 
continuance in office.* 

Cyerks 

Sec. 25. There shall be a Clerk of the Circuit Court for each 
County, who shall be elected by a plurality of the qualified voters of 
said County, and shall hold his office for six years from the time of 
his election, and until his successor is elected and qualified, and be 
re-eligible, suliject to be removed for wilful neglect of duty or other 
misdemeanor in office, on conviction in a Court of Law. In case of 
a vacancy in the ofiice of Clerk of a Circuit Court, the Judges of 
said Court shall have power to fill such vacancy until the general 
election for Delegates to the General Assembly, to be held next 
thereafter, when a successor shall be elected for the term of six 
years. 

*By the Act of l,S9i ch. 3S-(. the s \lary of the Chief Judges was increased to 
four thousand five hundred dollars a'ld of the Associate Judges to three 
thousand six hundred dollars per annum. 



APPENDIX 283 

Deputy C/i'rks 

Sec. 26. The said Clerks shall appoint, subject to the confirmation 
of the Judges of their respective Courts, as many deputies under 
them as the said Judges shall deem necessary to perform, together 
with themselves, the duties of the said office, who shall be remov- 
able by the said judges for incompetency, or neglect of duty, and 
whose compensation shall be according to existing or future pro- 
visions of the General Assembly. 

Part / 1 '. — Courts of Battimorc City 

Courts 

Sec. 27. Their shall be in the Eighth Judicial Circuit six Courts, 
to be styled the vSupreme Bench of Ealtimore City, the Superior 
Court of Baltimore City, the Court of Common Pleas, the Baltimore 
City Court, the Circuit Court of Baltimore City* and the Criminal 
Coiirtt of Baltinore. 

Jurisdiction 

Sec. 28. The Superior Court of Baltimore City, the Court of Com- 
mon Pleas, and the Baltimore Cit}' Courts shall each have concur- 
rent jurisdiction in all civil common law cases, and concurrently all 
the jurisdiction which the Superior Court of Baltimore City and the 
Court of Common Pleas now have, except jurisdiction in Equity, 
and except in applications for the benefit of the Insolvent Laws of 
Maryland, and in cases of Appeal from judgments of Justices of the 
Peace in said city, whether civil or criminal, or arising under the or- 
dinances of the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, of all of which 
appeal cases the Baltimore City Court shall have exclusive jurisdic- 
tion ; and the said Court of Common Pleas shall have exclusive jur- 
isdiction in all applications for the benefit of the Insolvent Laws of 
Maryland, and the supervision and control of the Trustees thereof. 

Jurisdiction of Circuit Court 

Sec. 29. The Circuit Court of Baltimore City shall have exclusive 
jurisdiction in Equity within the limits of said city, and all such 
jurisdiction as the present Circuit Court of Baltimore City has; 
provided, the said Court shall not have jurisdiction in applications 
for the writ of habeas corpus in cases of persons charged with criminal 
offenses. 

Jurisdiction of Criininat Court 

Sec. 30. The Criminal Court of Baltimore shall have and exercise 
all the jurisdiction now held and exercised by the Criminal Court of 
Baltimore, except in such Appeal Cases as are herein assigned to the 
Baltimore Citv Court. 



* circuit Court No. t! established by Act of 1888, ch . 194. 

tCriminal Court No 2 established b\ ruleofthe Supreme Bench, December 
21, 1897. See 87 Md. IHI. 

JThe jurisdiction of the Baltimore Citv Court, the Superior Court and the 
Court of Common Pleas was enlarged by the Act of 1870, ch. 177. 



284 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

Siipiriiic Jh'hc/i of r>altiinorc City — 'fiiiii — Salary 

Sec. 31. There shall be elected by the lethal and (jiialificd \-oters of 
said city, at the election, hereiiil)efore jirovided for, one Chief Jndtje 
and four Associate Judges, who, toi^ether, shall constitute the Supreme 
Bench of Baltimore City, and .shall hold their offices for the term of 
fifteen years, subject to the provisions of this Constitution with regard 
to the election and qualifications of Judj^es and their removal from 
office, and shall exercise the jurisdiction, hereinafter specified, and 
shall each receive an annual salary of three thousand five hundred 
dollars,* payal)le quarterly, which .shall not be dimini.shed during 
their term of office; but authority is hereby given to the Mayor and 
City Council of Baltimore to pay to each of the said Judges an ainiual 
addition of five hundred dollars to their res])ective salaries; provided, 
that the same being once granted shall not be tliminished nor in- 
creased during the continuance- of said Judges in office. 

.Issioiniiciit ofjncfocs 

Sec. 32. It shall ])e the duty of the said .Supreme Bench of Balti- 
more City, as soon as the Judges thereof shall be elected and duly 
qualified, and from time to time, to provide for the holding of each of 
the aforesaid Courts, b}' the a.ssignment of one or more of their num- 
ber to each of the said Courts, who may sit either separately or 
together in the trial of cases; and the said Supreme Bench of Baltimore 
City may, from time to time, change the said a.ssignment, as circum- 
stances may require, and the public interest may demand; and the 
Judge or Judges, so assigned to the said several Courts, shall, when 
holding the .same, have all the powers and exerci.se all the jurisdiction 
which may l)elong to the Court so being held; and it shall also be the 
duty of the said Supreme Bench of Baltimore City, in case of the sick- 
ness, absence or disability of any Judge or Judges assigned as 
aforesaid, to provide for the hearing of the cases, or transaction of the 
business assigned to said Judge or Judges, as aforesaid, before some 
one or more of the Judges of said Court. 

Supreme Beuih — h' ii/es^^/urisd ie/ ion on motions 

Sec. 33. The said Supreme Bench of Baltimore City shall have 
power, and it shall be its duty, to provide for the holding of as many 
general Terms as the performance of its duties may require, such 
general Terms to be held by not less than three Judges; to make all 
needful rules and regulations for the conduct of business in each of 
the said Courts, during the session thereof, and in vacation, or in 
Chambers, before any of said Judges; and shall also have jurisdiction 
to hear and determine all motions for a new trial in cases tried in any 
of said Courts, where such motions arise either, on questions of fact, 
or for misdirection upon any matters of Law, and all motions in arrest 
of jvidgment, or upon any matters of Law determined by the said 
Judge, or Judges, while holding said several Courts; and the said 
Supreme Bench of Baltimore City shall make all needful rules and 



*Increasecl bv Act of 1892, ch. 388, to four thousand five hundred dollars. 



APPENDIX 285 

regulations for the hearing before it of all said matters; and the same 
right of appeal to the Court of Appeals shall be allowed from the 
determination of the said Court on such matters, as would have been 
the right of the parties if said matters had been decided b}- the Court 
in which said cases were tried. 

[The Judge, before whom any case may hereafter be tried, in either 
the Baltimore City Court, the Superior Court of Baltimore Citv, or the 
Court of Common Pleas, shall have exclusive jurisdiction to hear and 
determine, and the said Jndge shall hear and determine all motions 
for a new trial where such motions arise, either on questions of fact or 
for misdirection upon any matters of law, and all motions in arrest of 
judgment, or upon any matters of law, determined by the said Judge, 
and all such motions shall be heard and determined within thirty 
days after they are made.]* 

Appeals, from Justices 

Sec. 34. No appeal shall lie to the Snpreme Bench of Baltimore 
City from the decision of the Judge or the Judges holding the Balti- 
n;ore City Court in case of appeal from a Justice of the Peace; but the 
decision by said Judge or Judges shall be final; and all writs and other 
process issued out of either of said Courts, requiring attestation, shall 
be attested in the name of the Chief Judge of the said Supreme Bench 
of Baltimore City. 

Quorum 

Sec. 85. Three of the Judges of said Supreme Bench of Baltimore 
City shall constitute a quorum of said Court. 

Cases pending!; 

Sec. 36. All causes depending, at the adoption of this Constitution, 
in the Superior Court of Baltimore City, the Court of Common Pleas, 
the Criminal Court of Baltimore, and the Circuit Court of Baltimore 
City, shall be proceeded in, and prosecuted to final judgment or 
decree, in the Courts, respectively, of the same name established by 
this Constitution, except cases belonging to that class, jurisdiction 
over which is by this Contitution transferred to the Baltimore City 
Court, all of which shall, together with all cases now pending in the 
City Court of Baltimore, be proceeded in and prosecuted to final 
judgment in said Baltimore City Court. 

Clerks — Term — Salary — / Vacancies 

Sec. 37. There shall be a Clerk of each of the said Courts of Balti- 
more City, except the Supreme Bench, who shall be elected by the 
legal and qualified voters of said city, at the election to be held iii said 
city on the Tuesday next after the first Monday of November, in the 
year eighteen hundred and sixty-seven, and shall hold his office for 
six years from the time of his election, and until his successor is 
elected and qualified, and be re-eligible thereto, subject to be removed 



*Thus amended by the Act of 18T0, ch. 177, as provided by Section 39, of 
Article 4, of the Constitution. 



286 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

for wilful nejilecl of duly or ollu-r misdc-iiKanor in oflice, on roiuiclion 
in a Court of Law. The salary of each of the said Clerks sh.all l)e 
thirtv-five hundred dollars a year, payable only out of the fees and 
receipts collected by the Clerks of said city, and they shall he entitled 
to no other ])er(|uisites or conipensation. In case of a vacancy in the 
office of Clerk of any of said Courts, the Judj^es of said Supreme 
Bench of Baltimore City shall have power to fill such vacancy until 
the general election of Delej^ates to the General Assembly to be held 
next thereafter, when a Clerk of said Court shall be elected to sen'e 
for six vears thereafter; and the provisions of this Article in relation 
to the a])pointinent of I)e])uties l)v the Clerks of the Circuit Courts in 
the counties shall apply to the Clerks of the Courts in Baltimore 
City. 

L icctiscs 

Sec. 38. The Clerk of the Court of Common Pleas shall have 
authoritv to is.sue within said city all marriajre and other licen.ses 
required by law, subject to such provisions as are now or may be 
prescribed by Law. The Clerk of the Sn])erior Court of said city shall 
receive and record all deetls, conveyances ami other papers, which are 
or mav be required by Law to be recorded in said city. He shall also 
hive custodv of all j^apers connected with the jjroceedint^s on the Law 
or Equitv side of Baltimore County Court and the dockets thereof, so 
far as the same have relation to the City of Baltimore, and shall also 
discharjjje the duties of Clerk to the Sujireme Bench of Baltimore City 
unless otherwise pro\i(led by Law. 

.\dditional Court 

Sec. 39. The General Assembly shall, whenever it may think the 
same proper and expedient, provide, by Law, another Court for the 
City of Baltimore, and prescribe its juris<liction and powers; in which 
casie there shall be elected by the voters of said City, qualified under 
this Con.stitution, another Judije of the Supreme Bench of Baltimore 
City, who shall be subject to the .same constitutional provisions, hold 
his office for the same term of years, receive the same compensation, 
and have the same ])owers, as are herein j^rovided for the Judges of 
said Supreme Bench of Baltimore City; and all of the provisions of 
this Constitution relating to the a.ssignment of Judges to the Courts, 
now existing in said City, and for the disixitch of business therein, 
shall apply to the Covirt, for whose creation j^rovisions is made by this 
Section.* And the General As.sembly may reapportion, change or 
enlarge the jurisdiction of the several Courts in Baltimore City. 
Until otherwise provided by Law, the Clerk of the Superior Court of 
Baltimore Citv, of the Court of Common Pleas, of the Circuit Court of 
Baltimore City, of the Baltimore City Court, and of the Criminal 
Court of Baltimore, .shall each give Bond in such penalty as is now 
prescribed by Law to be given by the Clerks of the Courts, bearing 
the same names, under the present Constitution. 

*Under this section, the General Assembly, by the Act of 1888, Chapter 194, 
established the Circuit Court No. 2 of Baltimore City, conferring upon it the 
same jurisdiction as that possessed by the Circuit Court of Baltimore City. 



APPExNTDIX 287 

Additional Judges 
[Sec. 39. The General Assembly shall, as often as it ma}- think the 
same proper and expedient, provitle by I,aw for the election of an 
additional Judge of the Supreme Bench of Baltimore Citv, and when- 
ever provision is so made by the General Assemblv, there shall be 
elected In- the voters of said City another Judge "of the Supreme 
Bench of Baltimore City, who shall be subject to the same constitu- 
tional provisions, hold his ofifice for the same term of vears, receive 
the same compensation, and have the same powers as are, or shall be 
provided by the Constitution or Laws of this State, for the Judges of 
said Supreme Bench of Baltimore City, and the General Asseml)ly 
may provide by Laws, or the vSupreme Bench by its rules for requiring 
causes in any of the Courts of Baltimore City to be tried before the 
court without a jury, unless the litigants or some one of them shall 
within such reasonable time or times as mav be prescribed, elect to 
have their causes tried before a jury. And the General Assembly may 
reapportion, change or enlarge the jurisdiction of the several Courts 
in said city.Jt 

Paii, r. — Orphans'' Courts. 

Three Judges — Term — Jurisdiction — Per diem — I'acaneies 
Sec. 40. The qualified voters of the City of Baltimore, and of the 
several counties, shall on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in 
November next, and on the same day in every fourth vear thereafter 
elect three men to be Judges of the Orphans^ Courts of said city and 
counties, respectively, who shall be citizens of the State, and residents 
for the twelve months preceding, in the city, or countv, for which 
they may be elected. They shall have all the powers now vested in 
the Orphans' Courts of the State, subject to such changes as the Leg- 
islature may prescribe. Each of said Judges shall be paid a per diem 
for the time they are actually in session, to be regulated by Law, and 
to be paid by the said city, or counties, respectiVelv. In' case of a 
vacancy in the office of Judge of the Or])hans' Court the Governor 
shall appoint, subject to confirmation or rejection by the Senate, some 
suitable person to fill the same for the residue of the term. 
Rcoister of 11 'ills — Term — I "acancy 
Sec. 41. There shall be a Register of Wills in each countv of the 
State, and the City of Baltimore, to be elected bv the legal and quali- 
fied voters of said counties and city, respectivefv, who shall hold his 
office for six years from the time of his election, 'and until his succes- 
sor is elected and qualified; he shall be re-eligible, and subject at all 
times to removal for wilful neglect of ilutv, or misdemeanor in office 
in the same manner that the Clerks of the" Courts are removable. In 
the event of any vacancy in the office of the Register of Wills, said 
vacancy shall be filled by the Judges of the Orphans' Court, in which 
such vacancy occu^-s, until the next general election for Delegates to 
the General Assembly, when a Register shall be elected to ser\-e for 
six years thereafter. 

Tth^J893 ^'"^"'^^'^ ''y Chapter 313, Acts of 189-, ratified by the people November 



288 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

Part \' I. justices of the Peace. 
Appoiitiiiuiit — Constables 

Sec. 42. The Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the 
Senate, shall appoint such number of Justices of the Peace, and the 
County Commissioners of the several counties, and the Mayor and City 
Coimcil of Baltimore, res])ectivcly, shall appoint such number of 
Constables, for the several Election Districts of the counties and 
wards of the City of Baltimore, as are now or may hereafter be pre- 
scribed by Law; and Justices of the Peace and Constables so aj)]>ointed 
shall be subject to removal by the Judge or Judtjes havinj^ criminal 
jurisdiction in the county or city, for incompetency, wilful nej^lect of 
duty, or misdemeanor in office, on conviction in a Court of Law. 
The Justices of the Peace and Constables so ap])ointed and commis- 
sioned shall be Consenators of the Peace; shall hold their office for 
two years, and shall have such jurisdiction, duties and comjjensation, 
subject to such rij^^ht of apjieal in all cases from the judjj;ment of 
Justices of the Peace, as hath been heretofore exercised, or shall be 
hereafter prescribed by Law. 

/ 'aca)hies 

Sec. 48. In the event of a \acancy in the office of a Justice of the 
Peace, the Governor shall a])i)oint a ])erson to serve as Justice of the 
Peace for the residue of the term; and in case of a vacancy in the 
office of Constable, the County Connnissioners of the county in which 
the vacancy occurs, or the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, as 
the case may be, shall appoint a person to serve as Constable for the 
residue of the term. 

/'art I'll. Sheriffs. 

Ji feet ion — Oitatijieatiovs — Penii — / \ieaitey 

Sec. 44. There .shall be elected in each County, and in the City 
of Baltimore, in ever^^ second year, one person, resident in .said 
County or City, above the age of twentj'-five years, and at least five 
years preceding his election, a citizen of this State, to the office of 
Sheriff. He shall hold his office for two years, and until his suc- 
cessor is duly elected and qualified; shall be ineligible for two years 
thereafter: shall give such bond, exercise such powers, and perform 
such duties as now are or may hereafter be fixed by law. In case of a 
vacancy by death, resignation, refusal to serve, or neglect to cpialify, 
or give l>ond, or by disqualification, or removal from the Comity or 
City, the Governor shall appoint a person to be Sheriff for the re- 
mainder of the official term. 

Coroners, &e 

Sec. 45. Coroners, Elisors and Notaries Public may be appointed 
for each County and the City of Baltimore in the manner, for the pur- 
pose and with the powers now fixed, or which may hereafter be 
prescribed by law. 



APPENDIX 289 

ARTICLE V. 

ATTORNEY-GENERAL AND STATE'S ATTORNEYS. 

Attorney- G enteral. 

Election — Tei-m 

Section 1. There shall be an Attorney -General elected by the 
qnalified voters of the State, on .t^eneral ticket, on the Tnesday next 
after the first Monday in the month of November, eighteen hundred 
and sixty-seven, and on the same day in every fourth "vear thereafter, 
who shall hold his office for four years from' the time of his election 
and qualification, and until his successor is elected and qualified, and 
shall be re-eligible thereto, and shall be subject to removal for incom- 
petency, wilful neglect of duty or misdemeanor in oflSce, on conviction 
in a court of law. 

Returns of election 

vSec. 2. All elections for Attorney-General shall be certified to, 
and returns made thereof by the Clerks of the Circuit Courts for the 
several Counties, and the Clerk of the Superior Court of Baltimore 
City, to the Governor of the State, whose dutv it shall l)e to decide on 
the election and qualification of the person returned; and in case of a 
tie between two or more persons to designate which of said persons 
shall qualify as Attorney-General, and to administer the oath of office 
to the person elected. 

Duties — Opinions — Salary 

ScQ, 3. It shall l)e the duty of the Attornev-General to prosecute 
and defend on the part of the State all cases which at the time of his 
appointment and qualification, and which thereafter niav be depending 
in the Court of Appeals, or in the Supreme Court of the United States 
by or against the State, or wherein the State mav be interested; and 
he shall give his opinion in writing whenever required bv the General 
Assembly, or either branch thereof, the Governor, the " Comptroller, 
the Treasurer, or any State's Attornev, on anv legal matter, or subject 
depending before them, or eifher of them; and when required by the 
Governor or the General Assembly, he shall aid anv State's Attorney 
in prosecuting any suit or action l)rought by the State in any Court o'f 
this State, and he shall commence and prosecute or defend any suit or 
action in any of said Courts, on the part of the State, which the 
General Assembly, or the Governor, acting according to law, shall 
direct to be commenced, prosecuted or def elided; and he shall receive 
for his sen-ices an annual salary of three thousand dollars; but he 
shall not be entitled to receive any fees, perquisites or rewards what- 
ever, in addition to the salary aforesaid, for the performance of any 
official duty ; nor have power to appoint anv agent, representative or 
deputy, under any circumstances whatever;' nor shall the Governor 
employ any additional counsel in any case whatever, unless authorized 
by the General Assembly. 



290 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

O Hill ijical ions 

Sec. 4. No person shall be eli,y;ible to the office of Attorney- 
General, who is not a citizen of this State, aiul a qualified voter 
therein, and has not resided and practiced Law in this State for at 
least ten years. 

/ 'di (!//(]' 

Sec. 5. In case of vacancy in the office of Attorney-General, 
occasioned bv death, resij^nation, removal from the State or from 
office, or other disqualification, the said vacancy shall be filled by the 
Governor for the residue of the term thus made vacant. 

Sec. 6. It shall l)e the duty of the Clerk of the Court of .\ppeals 
and of the Commissioner of the Land Office, respectively, whenever a 
case .shall be broutiht into .said court or office, in which the State is a 
party or has interest, immediately to notify the Attorney-General 
thereof. 

77/t' S/ah''s Atlonicys 

/''/t'ciion — 'fi'Dii 

Sec. 7. There shall be an .Attorney for the State in each County 
and the City of Baltimore, to be .styled "The State's Attorney," who 
shall be elected by the voters thereof, respectively, on the Tue.sflay 
next after the first Monday in November, in the year cii^hteen hundred 
anil sixty-.seven, and on the same day every fourth year thereafter; 
and shall hold his office for four years from the fir.st Monday in 
Januarv next ensuinj^ his election, and until his succes.sor shall be 
elected and qualified, and .shall be re-elij^ible thereto, and be subject 
to removal therefrom for incom]>etency, wilful neglect of duty, or 
misdemeanor in office, on conviction in a Court of Law, or by a vote of 
two thirds of the Senate, on the recomuRnilation of the Attorney- 
General. 

Rcturus of election 

Sec. 8 All elections for the State's Attorney .shall be certified to 
and returns made thereof by the Clerks of the said counties and cit}' 
to the Judges thereof having criminal juri.sdiction, respectively, whose 
duty it .shall be to decide upon the elections and qualifications of the 
persons returned; and in case of a tie between two or more persons, 
to designate which of said persons .shall qualify as State's Attorney, 
and to administer the oaths of office to the per.son elected. 

Sec. 9. The State's Attorney shall perform such duties and receive 
such fees and commi.ssions as are now or may hereafter be prescribed 
by law, and if any State's Attorney shall receive any other fee or 
reward than such as is or may be allowed by Law. he shall, on convic- 
tion thereof, be removed from office; provided, that the State's 
Attorney for Baltimore City shall have power to appoint one Deput}^ 
at a .salary of not more than fifteen hundred dollars per annum, to be 
paid by the State's Attorney out of the fees of his office, as heretofore 
been practised. 



APPENDIX ^---Zgi 



[Sec. 9. The State's Attorney shall perform such duties and 
receive such fees and commissions or salary, not exceeding three 
thousand dollars, as are now or may hereafter be prescribed by law; 
and if any State's Attorney shall receive any other fee or reward than 
such as is or may be allowed by law, he shall, on conviction thereof, 
be removed from office; provided, that the State's Attornev for 
Baltimore City shall receive an annual salary- of forty-five hundred 
dollars, and shall have power to appoint one depi:ty, at an annual 
salary, not exceeding three thousand dollars, and such other assistants 
at such annual salaries not exceeding fifteen hundred dollars each, as 
the Supreme Bench of Baltimore City may authorize and approve; all 
of said salaries to be paid out of the fees of the said State's Attorney's 
office, as has heretofore been practised.]* 

Oualificatiotis 

Sec. 10. No person shall be eligil)le to the office of State's Attorney 
who has not been admitted to practice Law in this v'^tate, and who has 
not resided for at least two years in the county or city in which he 
may be elected. 

/ acancy 

Sec. 11. In case of vacancy in the office of State's Attorney, or of his 
removal from the county or city in which he shall have been elected, or 
on his conviction as herein specified, the said vacancy shall be filled 
by the Judge of the county or city, respectively, having criminal 
jurisdiction, in which said vacancy shall occur, for the residue of the 
term thus made vacant. 

Duties 

Sec. 12. The State's Attorney in each county, and the City of 
Baltimore, shall have authority to collect, and give receipt, in the 
name of the State, for such sums of money as may be collected by 
him, and forthwith make return of and pay over the same to the 
proper accounting officer. And the State's Attorney of each county, 
and the City of Baltimore, before he shall enter on the discharge of 
his duties, shall execute a bond to the State of Marvland, for the 
faithful performance of his duties, in the penalty of "ten thousand 
dollars, with two or more sureties, to be approved by the Judge of the 
Court having criminal jurisdiction in said counties or city. 



ARTICLE VI. 

TREASURY DEPARTMENT. 

Comptroller — Salary — Treasurer — Term — Vacancies — Bonds 

Section 1. There shall be a Treasury Department, consisting of a 
Comptroller, chosen by the qualified electors of the State, at each 
regular election of members of the House of Delegates, who shall 
receive an annual salary of two thousand five hundred dollars; and a 

*fhus amended by Act of 19U0, ch. 185, ratified by the people at the November 
election, 1901. 



292 LEADING EVENTS OF iMARYLAND HISTORY 

Treasurer, to be appointed by the two Houses of the Le.tjislature, at 
each regular session thereof, on joint l)allot, who shall receive an 
annual salary of two thousand five hundred dollars; and the terms of 
office of the said' Comptroller and Treasurer shall be for two years, 
and until their successors shall qualify; and neither of the said 
officers shall be allowed, or receive any fees, commissions or i)erqui- 
sites of an}' kind in addition to his salary for the performance of anj^ 
duty or services whatsoever. In case of a vacancy in either of the 
offices by death, or otherwise, the Governor, by and with the advice 
and consent of the Senate, shall fill such vacancy b}' appointment, to 
continue until another election, or a choice by the Legislature, as the 
case may be, and until the tjualification of the successor. The 
Comj)troller and the Treasurer shall keep their offices at the seat of 
(io\ernment, and shall take such oath, and enter into such bonds for 
the faithful discharge of their duties as are now, or may hereafter be 
prescribed by law. 

Coviptrol/er's duties 

Sec. 3. The Comptroller shall have the general superintendence of 
the fiscal affairs of the State; he shall digest and prepare plans for the 
improvement and management of the revenue, and for the support 
of the pu1)lic credit; ])repare and report estimates of the revenue and 
ex])enditures of the State; su])erintend and enforce the prompt collec- 
tion of all taxes and revenue; adjust and settle, on terms prescribed 
l)y Law, with delinquent collectors and receivers of taxes and State 
revenue; preserve all public accounts; decide on the forms of keep- 
ing and stating accounts; grant, under regulations prescribed b}- Law, 
all warrants for money to be paid out of the Treasury, in pursuance of 
appropriations by Law, and countersign all checks drawn by the 
Treasury upon any bank or banks, in which the moneys of the State 
may, from time to time, be deposited; prescribe the formalities of the 
transfer of stock, or other evidence of the State debt, and countersign 
the same, without which such evidence shall not be valid; he shall 
make to the General Assembly full reports of all his proceedings, and 
of the state of the treasur}' department within ten days after the 
commencement of each Session; and perform such other duties as 
shall be prescribed bj- Law. 

Treasurer' s duties 

Sec. 8. The Treasurer shall receive the moneys of the State, and, 
until otherwise prescribed b}^ law, deposit them, as soon as received, 
to the credit of the State, in such bank or banks as he may, from time 
to time, with the approval of the Governor, select (the said bank or 
banks giving security, satisfactory to the Governor, for the safekeeping 
and forthcoming, when required, of said deposits), and shall disburse 
the same for the purposes of the State, according to law, upon warrants 
drawn by the Comptroller, and on checks countersigned by him, and 
not otherwise; he shall take receipts for all moneys paid by him and 
receipts for moneys received by him shall be endorsed upon warrants 
signed by the Comptroller, without which warrants, so signed, no 
acknowledgment of monev received into the Treasurv shall be valid; 



APPENDIX 293 

and upon warrants, issued by the Comptroller, he shall make 
arrangements for the pa^-ment of the interest of the public debt, and 
for the purchase thereof, on account of the sinkinj^^ fund. Everj^ bond, 
certificate, or other evidence of the debt of the State shall be signed 
by the Treasurer, and countersigned by the Comptroller; and no new 
certificate or other evidence intended to replace another shall be 
issued until the old one shall be delivered to the Treasurer, and 
authority executed in due form for the transfer of the same filed in 
his office, and the transfer accordingly made on the books thereof, 
and the certificate or other evidence cancelled; but the Legislature 
may make provisions -for the loss of certificates, or other evidences of 
the debt; and may prescribe, by Law, the manner in which the 
Treasurer shall receive and keep the moneys of the State. 

Accounts 
Sec. 4. The Treasurer shall render his accounts quarterlv to the 
Comptroller and shall pul^lish monthly, in such newspapers as the 
Governor may direct, an abstract thereof, showing the amount of 
cash on hand, and the place or places of deposit thereof; and on the 
third day of each regular session of the Legislature he shall submit to 
the Senate and House of Delegates fair and accurate copies of all 
accounts by him, from time to time, rendered and settled with the 
Comptroller. He shall at all times submit to the Comptroller the 
inspection of the mone}' in his hands, and perform all other duties 
that shall be prescribed by Law. 

Time of qualification 

Sec. 5. The Comptroller shall qualify and enter on the duties of 
his office on the third Monday of January ne.xt succeeding the time of 
his election, or as soon thereafter as practicable. And the Treasurer 
shall qualify within one month after his appointment bv the Leg- 
islature. 

Removal 

Sec. 6. Whenever during the recess of the Legislature charges 
shall be preferred to the Governor against the Comptroller or Treas- 
urer for incompetency, malfeasance in office, wilful neglect of duty, 
or misappropriation of the funds of the State, it shall be the duty of 
the Governor forthwith to notifv the party so charged, and fix a day 
for a hearing of said charges; and if from the evidence taken, under 
oath on said hearing before the Governor, the said allegations shall 
be sustained, it shall be the duty of the Governor to remove said 
offending officer and appoint another in his place, who shall hold the 
office for the unexpired term of the officer so removed. 



ARTICLE VII. 

SUNDRY OFPICERS 

County Commissioners — Surveyor— Stale Librarian— Com- 
missioner of the Land Office— Wreck iM aster 

County Commissioners 
Section \. County Commissioners shall be elected on general 
ticket of each county by the qualified voters of the several counties 



294 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

of this State, on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in the month 
of Novenil)er, eighteen hundred and sixty-seven, and on the same 
day in every second }•■ ar thereafter. Their numbf r in each county, 
their compensation, powers and duti s, shall be such as are now or 
may be hereafter prescribed by Law. 

County Com iii issiom-rs 

[Sec. L County Connnissioners shall I)e elected on general ticket 
of each county by the qualified voters of the sev ral counties of the 
State, on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in the month of 
November, commencing in the year eighteen hundred and ninety- 
one; their number in each county, their comjjensation, powers and 
duties shall be such as now or may be hereafter prescribed by law, 
they .shall be elected at such times, in such nundjers and for such 
periods not exceeding six years, as may be ]irescril)ed by law.]* 

Surveyor — \ 'acancy 

Sec. 2. The qualified voters of each County, aiul of the City of 
Baltimore shall on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in the 
month of Novemljer, in the year eighteen hundred and .sixty-.seven, 
and on the same day in every second }ear thereafter, elect a Surveyor 
for each County and the City of Baltimore, respectively, whose term 
of office shall commence on the first Monday of January next ensuing 
their election, and whose duties and compensation shall be the same 
as are now or may hereafter b? ])rescril)ed by law. And any vacancy 
in the office of Surveyor .shall be filled by the Commissioners of the 
Counties, or by the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, re.sjjectively, 
for the residue of the term. 

State L ihrarian — Salary 

Sec. 3. The State Librarian shall l)e appointed by the Governor, 
by and with the advice and con.sent of the Senate, and shall hold his 
office (luring the term of the (Governor, by whom he shall have been 
appointed, and vintil his succes.sor shall be appointed and cjualified. 
His .salary shall be fifteen hundred dollars a year; and he shall per- 
form such duties as are now, or may hereafter be prescribed by Law; 
and no appropriation shall be made by Law to pa}' for any clerk, or 
assistant to the Librarian. And it .shall be the duty of the Legislature, 
at its finst .session after the adoption of this Con.stitution, to pa.ss a 
Law regulating the mode and manner in which the books in the 
Library shall be kept and accountefl for by the Librarian, and 
requiring the Librarian to give a bond, in such jjenalt}' as the Legis- 
lature may j)rescribe, for the proper discharge of his duties. 

CoiNiiiissioner of /.ami Office — Duties — Salary 

Sec. 4. There shall be a Commis.sioner of the Land Office, who 
shall be appointed by the Governor by and with the advice and 
con.sent of the Senate, who .shall hold his office during the term of 

*Thiis amended by Act of 1890, chapter 355, and adopted by vote of people 
November a, 189U. 



APPENDIX 295 

the Governor, by whom he shall have been appointed, and until his 
successor shall be appointed and qualified. He shall perform such 
duties as are now required of the Commissioner of the Land Office, or 
such as may hereafter be prescribed by Law, and shall also be the 
Keeper of the Chancery Records. He shall receive a salary of one 
thousand, five hundred dollars per annum, to be paid out of the 
Treasury, and shall charge such fees as are now, or may be hereafter 
fixed by Law. He shall make a semi-annual report of all the fees of 
his office, both as Commissioner of the Land Office, and as keeper of 
the Chancery Records, to the Comptroller of the Treasury, and shall 
pay the same semi-annually into the treasury. 

Slaie Papers 

Sec. 5. The Commissioner of the Land Office shall also, without 
additional compensation, collect, arrange, classify, have charge of, 
and safely keep all papers, records, relics, and other memorials con- 
nected with the early history of Maryland, not belonging to any 
other office. 

// 'reck Master 

Sec. 6. The qualified voters of Worcester County shall on the 
Tuesday next after the first Monday in the month of November, in 
the vear eighteen hundred and sixty-seven, and every two years there- 
after, elect" a Wreck-Master for said County, whose duties and com- 
pensation shall be the same as are now or may be hereafter prescribed 
by Law; the term of office of said Wreck-Master shall commence on 
the first Monday of January next succeeding his election, and a 
vacancy in said office shall be filled by the County Commissioners of 
said Countv for the residue of the term. 



ARTICLE VIII. 

EnrcATiox. 

Public Schools 

Section 1. The General Assembly, at its first session after the 
adoption of this Constitution, shall, by Law, establish throughout the 
State a thorough and efficient system of free Public Schools; and 
shall provide by taxation, or, otherwise, for their maintenance. 

Sec. 2. The system of Public Schools, as now constituted, shall 
remain in force iintil the end of the said first session of the General 
Assembly, and shall then expire, except so far as adopted or continued 
by the General Assembly. 

School fund 

Sec. 3- The School Fund of the State shall be kept inviolate, and 
appropriated only to the purposes of education. 



296 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

ARTICLE IX. 

MILITIA AND MILITARY AFFAIRS. 

Organization 

Section 1. The General Assembly shall make, from time to time, 
such provisions for organizinj^, etinipjjinji and disciplinint; the Militia, 
as the exigency may require, and j^ass such Laws to promote \'olunteer 
Militia Organizations as may afford them effectual encouragement. 

Adjutant General — Duties 

Sec. 2. There shall be an Adjutant-General appointed by the 
Governor, l)y and with the advice and consent of the Senate. He 
shall hold his office vuitil the appointment and qualification of his 
successor, or until removed in pursuance of the sentence of a court- 
martial. He shall perform such duties and receive such compensation 
or emoluments as are now or may be prescril)ed by Law. He shall 
discharge the duties of his office at the seat of government, unless 
absent under orders, on duty; and no other officer of the General Staff 
of the Militia shall receive salary or pay, except when on service and 
mustered in with troops. 

Sec. ;}. The existing Militia Law of the State shall expire at the 
end of the next session of the General Assembly, except so far as it 
may be re-enacted, subject to the provisions of this Article. 



ARTICLE X. 

LABOR AND AGRICULTrRE.* 

Section 1. There shall be a Superintendent of Labor and Agricul- 
ture elected by the qualified voters of this State at the first General 
election for Delegates to the General Assembly after the adoption of 
this Constitution, who shall hold his office for the term of four years, 
and until the election and qualification of his successor. 

.Sec. 2. His qualifications shall be the same as those prescribed for 
the Comptroller; he shall qualify and enter upon the duties of his 
office on the second Monday of January next succeeding the time of 
his election; and a vacancy in the office shall be filled by the Gov- 
ernor for the residue of the term. 

Sec. 3. He shall perform such of the duties now devolved by Law 
upon the Commissioner of Immigration, and the Immigration Agent, 
as will promote the object for which those officers were appointed, 
and such other duties as may be assigned to him by the General 
Assembly, and shall receive a salary of twenty-five hundred dollars a 
year; and after his election and qualification, the offices before men- 
tioned shall cease. 



'This Article expired by limitation. 



APPENDIX 297 

Sec. 4. He shall supervise all the State Inspectors of a.tjricultural 
products and fertilizers, and from time to time shall carefully examine 
and audit their accounts, and prescribe rej^ulations not inconsistent 
with Law, tending to secure econom}- and efficiency in the business 
of their offices. He shall have the supervision of the Tobacco Ware- 
houses, and all other buildings used for inspection and storage 
purposes by the State; and may, at the discretion of the Legislature, 
have the supervision of all public buildings now belonging to, or 
which may hereafter be, erected by the State. He shall frequently 
inspect such buildings as are committed to his charge, and examine 
all accounts for labor and materials required for their construction or 
repairs. 

Sec. 5. He shall inquire into the undeveloped resources of wealth 
of the State of Maryland, more especially concerning those within the 
limits of the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries, which l)elong to the 
State, and suggest such plans as may be calculated to render them 
available as sources of revenue. 

Sec. 6. He shall make detailed reports to every General Assembly 
within the first week of its session, in reference to each of the subjects 
committed to his charge, and he shall also report to the Governor, in 
the recess of the Legislature, all abuses or irregularities which he may 
find to exist in any department of public afifairs with which his office 
is connected. 

Sec. 7. The office herein' established shall continue for four years 
from the date of the qualification of the first incumbent thereof^ and 
.shall then expire, unle.ss continued by the General Assembl}-. 



ARTICLE XL 

CITY OF BALTIMORE 

Section 1. The inhabitants of the City of Baltimore qualified by 
Law to vote in said city for members of the House of Delegates, shall 
on the fourth Wednesday of October, eighteen hundred "and .sixty- 
seven, and on the same da}' in every fourth year thereafter, elect a 
person to be Mayor of the City of Baltimore," who shall have such 
qualifications, receive such compensation, discharge such duties, and 
have such powers as are now, or may hereafter be prescribed bv Law; 
and the term whose office shall commence on the first Monday of 
November succeeding his election, and shall continue for four years, 
and until his successor shall have qualified; and he shall 1)e ineligible 
for the term next succeeding that for which he was elected. 

[Sec. 1. The inhabitants of the City of Baltimore, qualified by 
Law to vote in said city for members of the House of Delegates, shall 
on the Tuesday after the first Monday of November, eighteen 
hundred and eighty-nine, and on the same dav in every second year 
thereafter, elect a person to be Mavor of the Citv of Baltimore, who 



298 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

shall have such (jualifications, receive such coinjjeiisalioii, discharge 
such duties, and have such powers as are now, or may hereafter be 
prescribed by Law; and the term of whose oflice shall commence on 
the first Monday of Noveml)er succeeding his election, and shall 
continue for two years, and until his successor shall have qualified.]* 

City i 'oiincil 
Sec. 2. The City Council of Baltimore shall consist of two 
branches, one of wliich shall ])e called the First Branch, and the 
other the Second Branch, and each shall consi.st of such nund)er of 
members, haviny^ such (jualification, receivin.y; such compensation, 
performintj such duties, ])()ssessing such powers, holding' such terms 
of office, and elected in such manner, as are now, or may hereafter be 
prescribed by Law . 

Sec. '6. An election for niemljers of the I'irst and Second Branch of 
the City Council of Baltimore shall be held in the City of Baltimore 
on the fourth Wednesday of October, eighteen hundred and sixty- 
seven; and for members of the First Branch on the same day in every 
year thereafter; and for members of the Second Branch on the same 
day in every second year thereafter; and the qualification for electors 
of the members of the Cit}' Council .shall be the same as those 
prescribed for the electors of Mayor. 

'/line of elections 

[Sec. 3. An election for members of the F'ir.st Branch of the City 
Council of Baltimore .shall be held in the City of Baltimore on the 
Tuesday after the first Monday of November in every year; and for 
members of the Second Branch on the Tuesday after the first Monda}' 
of November eighteen hundred and eighty-nine, and on the .same day 
in everv .second year thereafter; and the ciualification for electors of 
the members of the City Council shall be the same as those prescribed 
for the electors of Mayor.]* 

Sessions — L imitation — Extra session 

Sec. 4. The regular sessions of the City Council of Baltimore 
(wliich shall be annual), .shall commence on the third Monday of 
January of each year, and shall not continue more than ninety days, 
exclusive of Sundays; but the Mayor may convene the City Council 
in extra session whenever, and as often as it may appear to him that 
the public good may require, but no called or extra session shall last 
longer than twenty days, exclusive of Sundays. 

Disc] iiaiijications 
Sec. 5. No person elected and qualified as ]Mayor, or as a member 
of the Cit}- Council, .shall, during the term for which he was elected, 
hold any other office of profit or trust, created, or to be created by the 
Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, or by any Law relating to the 
Corporation of Baltimore, or hold an)' employment or jiosition, the 

*Thus amended by ch. 123, Acts of 1898. By ch. 116, Acts of 1870, the term of 
Mayor was made two years; and by ch. 397, Acts of 1888, the day of election 
was set for the Tuesday after the first Monday in November. 

*Thus amended by the .\ct of 1888, ch. 397. 



APPENDIX 299 

compensation of which shall 1)e paid, directly or indirectly, out of the 
City Treasury; nor shall any such person be interested, directly or 
indirectly, in any contract to which the City is a part}-; nor shall it 
be lawful for any person holding; any office under the City, to be 
interested, while holding such office, in any contract to which the 
City is a party. 

Removal of Mayor 

Sec. 6. The IMayor shall, on conviction in a Court of Law, of 
wilful neglect of dut}-, or misbehavior in office, be removed from 
office by the Governor of the State, and a successor shall thereafter be 
elected, as in a case of vacancy. 

Debts 

Sec. 7. From and after the adoption of this Constitution, no debt 
(except as hereinafter excepted), shall be created by the Mavor and 
City Council of Baltimore; nor shall the credit of the IMayor and City 
Council of Baltimore be given or loaned to, or in aid of any individual, 
association, or corporation; nor shall the Mayor and City Council of 
Baltimore have the power to involve the City of Baltimore in the 
construction of works of internal improvement, nor in granting any 
aid thereto, which shall involve the faith and credit of the City, nor 
make any appropriation therefor, unless such debt or credit be 
authorized by an Act of the General Assembly of Maryland, and by 
an ordinance of the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, submitted 
to the legal voters of the City of Baltimore, at such time and place as 
may be fixed by said ordinance, and approved by a majority of the 
votes cast at such time and place; but the Mayor and Cit}-' Council 
may, temporarih-, borrow any amount of money to meet any defi- 
cienc}' in the City Treasury, or to provide for any emergency arising 
from the necessity of maintaining the police, or preserving the safety 
and sanitary condition of the City, and may make due and proper 
arrangements and agreements for the removafand extension, in whole 
or in part, of any and all debts and obligations created according to 
Law before the adoption of this Constitution. 

Laws inforee 

Sec. 8. All Laws and Ordinances now in force applicable to the 
City of Baltimore, not inconsistent with this Article, shall be, and 
they are hereby continued until changed in due course of Law. 

Changes authorized 

Sec. 9. The General Assembly may make such changes in this 
Article, except in Section 7th thereof, as it may deem best; and this 
Article shall not be so construed or taken as to make the political 
corporation of Baltimore independent of, or free from the control 
which the General Assembly of Maryland has over all such Corpora- 
tions in this State. 



300 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

ARTICI.H XII. 

ITIU.IC WORKS 

Hoard — Stssions — /'oTicrs 

Section 1. The Governor, the Comptroller of the Treasury, and 
the Treasurer shall constitute the Hoard of Public Works in this 
State. They shall keej) a journal of their precee(lin}<s, and shall hold 
rejjular se.ssions in the City of Annapolis on the first Wednesday in 
January, April, July and October in each year, and oftener if neces- 
sary; at which sessions they shall hear and determine such matters as 
affect the Public Works of the Stale, anil as the General Assembly 
mav confer u])on them llu' ])ower to decide. 

/)/iitrs 

Sec. 2. They shall exercise a dilij^enl and faithful supervision of 
all Public Works in which the State may be interested as Stockholder 
or Creditor, and shall rejiresenl an<l vote the stock of the Stale of 
Marvland in all meetings of the stockholders of the Chesa])eake and 
Ohio Canal; and shall a])poinl the Directors in every Railroad and 
Canal Com])any in which the State has the lej^al jiower to a])point 
Directors, which said Directors .shall rejjresent the btate in all nieet- 
inj(s of the Stockholders of the res])ective Comjianies for which they 
are a])])ointed or elected. .\nd the President and Directors of the 
said Chesajjeake and Ohio Canal Comjiany shall .so regulate the tolls 
of said Company from time to time as to j)roduce the largest amount 
of revenue, and to avoid the injurious elTect to said Company of rival 
coni])etition by other Internal Improvement Com])auies. They shall 
recjuire the Directors of all sai<l Public Works to guard the jjublic 
interest and ])revent the establishment of tolls which shall discriminate 
again.st the interest of the citizens or jiroducts of this State, and from 
time to time, and as often as there shall be any change in the rates of 
toll on any of the said Works, to furnish the said Hoard of Public 
Works a scheflulc of such modified rates of toll, and so adjust them 
as to ])r()mote the agricultural interests of the State; they shall re])ort 
to the General Assembly at each regular session, and reconnnend 
such legislation as they may deem necessary and rerpiisite to ])romote 
or ])r()tect the interests of the vState in the .said Public Works; they 
.shall jierform .such other duties as may be hereafter prescribed l)y 
Law, and a majority of them shall be competent to act. The Gov- 
ernor, Comptroller and Treasurer .shall receive no additional .salary 
for .services rendered by them as members of the Hoard of Public 
Works. The provisions of the .'^ct of the General .A.s.senibly of Mary- 
land of the year 1867, chapter 359, are hereby declared null and void. 

Sec. 3. The Hoard of Public Works is hereby authorized to ex- 
change the State's interest as Stockholder and Creditor in the Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroad Company for an equal amount of the bonds or 
registered debt now owing by the State, to the e.xtent only of all the 
preferred .stock of the State on which the State is entitled to only six 
per cent, interest, ])rovideil such exchange shall not be made at less 



APPENDIX 301 

than par, nor less than the market value of said stock; and the said 
Board is authorized, subject to such re.s<ulations and conditions as the 
General Assembly may fiom time to time ])rescribe, to sell the State's 
interest in the other Works of Internal Im])rovement, whether as a 
Stockholder or a Creditor, and als') the State's interest in any l)anking 
corporation, receivinj< in ])ayment the bonds and retj;istered debt now 
ovvint^ bv the State, equal in amount to the price obtained for the 
State's said interest; provided, that the interest of the State in the 
Washinfj:ton Branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad l)e reserved 
and excejited from sale; and provided further, that no sale or con- 
tract of sale of the State's interest in the Chesapeake and Ohio 
Canal, the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, and the vSusquehanna 
and Tidewater Canal Companies shall i^o into effect until the same 
shall be ratified by the ensuin,!^ (rcneral Assembly. 

[Sec. 3. The Board of Public Works is herel)y authorized, subject 
to such re,<(ulations and conditions as the General Assembly may from 
time to time ])rescril)e, to .sell the State's interest in all works of 
internal improvement, whether as a Stockholder or a Creditor, and 
also the vState's interest in any l)ankinj^ corporation, receivinj^ in pay- 
ment the bonds and re.tjistered debt now owinji by the State, equal in 
amount to llie ])rice oblaine<l for the State's said interest.]" 



ARTICLE XIII. 

NEW COUNTIi;.S 

County seats— Consctit of voters — .Area and population 

Section 1 . The General Assembly may provide, by Law, for 
organizing new Counties, locating and removing county seats, and 
changing county lines; but no new county shall be organized without 
the consent of the majority of the legal voters residing within the 
limits pro])osed to be formed into said new county; and whenever a 
new county shall be ]:)roi50sed to be formed out of portions of two or 
more counties, the con.sent of a majority of the legal voters of such 
part of each of said counties, respectively, .shall l)e required; nor shall 
the lines of any county be changed without the consent of a majority 
of the legal voters residing within the di.strict, which, luider .said 
proposed change, woidd form a j^art of a county different from that to 
which it l)elonged prior to said change; and no new county shall 
contain less than four hundred scpiare miles nor less than ten thousand 
white inhabitants; nor shall any change be made in the limits of any 
comity, whereby the population of said county would be reduced to 
less than ten thou.sand white inhabitants, or its territory reduced to 
less than four hundred square miles. 

*Thus amended bv Act 1S90, ch. '{ti,', and ratified by the people November 
8rd, 1891. 



302 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

U'icoiuico loitiity 

Sec. 2. At the election to be lield for the adoption or rejection of this 
Constitution, in each election district, in those parts of Worcester and 
Somerset Counties, comprised within the followintf limits, viz; Bej^in- 
ninjf at the point where Mason and Dixon's line crosses the channel 
of Pocomoke River, thence followint^ said line to the channel of the 
Nanticoke River, thence with the channel of said river to Tanj^ier 
Sound, or the intersection of Nanticoke and Wicomico Rivers, thence 
u]) the channel of the Wicomico River to the mouth of Wicomico 
Creek, thence with the channel of said creek and Passcrdvke 
Creek to Dashield's or Disharoon's Mills, thence with the 
mill-])ond of said mills and branch followini^ the miildle ])ron5^ 
of said branch, to Meadow Bridge, on the road dividini,^ the 
Counties of vSomerset and Worcester, near the southwest corner of 
farm of William P. Morris, thence due east to the Pocomoke River, 
thence with the channel of said river to the bej^innins^; the Judj^es of 
Election, in each of said districts, shall receive the ballots of each 
elector, votins^ at said election, who has resided for six months pre- 
cedintf said election within said limits, for or as^ainst a new County; 
and the Return Judji:es of .said election districts sliall certify the result 
of such volint,^ in the manner now ])rescribed l)y Law, to the Gov- 
ernor, who shall by ])roclaniation make known the .same, and if a 
majority of the les^al votes cast within that ])art of Worcester County, 
contained within .said lines, and al.so a majority of the le,gal votes cast 
within that ])art of Somerset County, contained within .said lines, 
shall be in favor of a new County, then said parts of Worcester and 
Somerset Counties shall become and constitute a new County, to 
be called Wicomico County; and Salisbury shall be the County .seat. 
And the inhabitants thereof shall thenceforth have and enjoy all such 
rij^hts and privilej<es as are held and enjoyed by the inhabitants of 
the other Counties of this State. 

Provisions, 

Sec. !}. When said new County shall have been so created, the 
inhabitants thereof shall cease to have any claim to, or interest in. the 
county l)nildin,<rs and other public property of ever}- description 
belon,<iin<^ to said Counties of Somerset and Worcester re.spectively, 
and shall be liable for their proportionate shares of the then existing 
debts and obligations of the said Counties, according to the la.st 
assessment in said Counties, to be ascertained and a]iportioned by the 
Circuit Court of Somerset County, as to the debts and obligations of 
said County, and by the Circuit Court of Worcester County as to the 
debts and obligations of Worcester County, on the petition of the 
County Conmii.ssioners of the said Counties, res])ectively; and the 
property in each part of the said Counties included in said new County 
shall be bound only for the share of the debts and obligations of the 
County from which it shall be separated; and the inhabitants of said 
new County shall also pay the County taxes levied upon them at the 
time of the creation of such new County, as if such new Comity had 
not been createl; and on the application of twelve citizens of the 



APPENDIX 303 

proposed Countv of Wicomico, the Surveyor of Worcester County 
ihall run and locate the line from Meadow Bridge to the Pocomoke 
River, previous to the adoption or rejection of this Constitution, and 
at the expense of said petitioners. 

Sec 4 \t the first general election held under this Constitution the 
qualifie.l' voters of said new County shall be entitled to elect a Senator 
and two Delegates to the General Assembly, and all such LountN or 
other officers as this Constitution mas authorize, or require to be 
elected bv other Counties of the State; a notice of sue i election .shall 
be ^iven' bv the sheriffs of Worcester and Somerset Counties in tne 
manner noW prescribed bv Law; and in case said new County shall 
be estal)lished, as aforesaid, then the Counties of Somerset and 
Worcester .shall be entitled to elect but two Delegates each to the 
General Assembly. 

Sec 5 The Countv of Wicomico, if formed according to the 
provisions of this Con.stitution, .shall be embraced m the Hr.st Judicia 
Circuit, and the times for holding the Courts therein shall be hxed 
and determined by the General Assembly. 

Sec 0. The r,eneral Assemblv .shall pass all such Laws as may be 
necessary more fully to carry into effect the provisions of this Article. 



ARTICLE XIV 

ami';ni)MKxt.s to thk cox.stitutiox 

I'roposal—rnbliiation — / -oti'—h\tnnix—IVociaiiiatioii 

Section t. The General Assemblv may propose Amendments to 
this Constitution; provided that each Amendment shall be embraced 
in a separate Bill, embodving the Article or Section, as the same will 
stand when amended and passed bv three-fifths of all the members 
elected to each of the two Houses, bv veas and nays, to be entered on 
the Journals with the propo.sed Amendment. The Bill or Bills pro- 
posing amendment or amendments shall be published by order ot the 
Governor, in at least two newspapers in each County, where so^nany 
mav be publi.shed, and where not more than one may be published, 
then in that newspaper, and in three newspapers published m the 
Citv of Baltimore, one of which shall be in the German language, 
once a week for at least three months preceding the next ensuing 
"■eneral election, at which the proposed amendment or amendments 
shall be submitted, in a form to be prescribed by the General .Assembly, 
to the qualified voters of the vState for adoption or rejection. The votes 
cast for and against said proposed amendment or amendments, sey- 
erallv, .shall be'returned to the Governor, in the manner prescribed m 
other cases, and if it shall appear to the Governor that a majority ot 
the votes cast at said election on said amendment or amendments, 
severallv, were cast in favor thereof, the Governor shall, by his 
proclamation, declare the said amendment or amendments having 
received said majoritv of votes, to have been adopted by the people 



304 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

of Maryland as part of the Constitution thereof, and thenceforth 
said anietuhneiit or anienchnents shall be part of the said Constitution. 
When two or more amendments shall be submitted in manner afore- 
said, to the voters of this State at the same election, they shall he so 
sul)mitted as that each amendment shall be voted on sejjarately. 

( 'onveiition every izveuty years 

Sec. 2 It shall be the duty of the General Assembly to provide by 
Law for takinj^, at the i^eneral election to be held in the year 
eighteen hiuidred and eighty-se\"en and every twenty years thereafter, 
the .sen.se of the people in regard to calling a convention for altering 
this Constitution; and if a majority of voters at such election or 
elections .shall vote for a convention, the General A.ssembly, at its 
next .session, shall provide by Law for the as.sembling of such con- 
vention, and for the election of Delegates thereto. Kach County and 
Legislative District of the City of Baltimore shall have in stich 
convention a number of Delegates ecjual to its representation in both 
Houses at the time at which the convention is called. lUit any 
Con.stitution, or change, or amendment of the existing Con.stitution, 
which may be adopted by such convention, .shall be submitted to the 
voters of this State, and- shall have no effect unless the same shall 
have been ado])ted by a majority of the voters voting thereon. 



ARTICLE XV 

, Misc};i,LAXi-;c)f.s 

Returns of fees — Salary limit 

Section 1. l-^very ])erson holding any office created by, or existing 
under the Constitution, or Laws of the State (exce])t Justices of the 
Peace, Constables and Coroners), or holding any ajjpointmeiit under 
any Court of this State, whose \ia\ or comjiensation is derixed from 
fees or moneys coming into his hands for the discharge of his official 
duties, or in any way growing out of or connected with his office, 
shall keep a book in which shall be entered every sum or sums of 
money received by him, or on his account, as a payment or compen- 
sation for his jjerformance of official duties, a copy of which entries 
in said book, verified by the oath of the officer b}' whom it is directed 
to be kept, .shall be returned yearly to the Com])troller of the vState 
for his inspection, and that of the General A.s.sembly of the State, to 
which the Coni]itroller shall, at each regular session thereof, make a 
report showing what officers have complied with this section; and 
each of the said officers, when the amount received by him for the 
year .shall exceed the sum which he is by Law entitled to retain as 
his salary or compensation for the discharge of his duties, and for the 
expenses of his office, shall yearly pay over to the Treasurer of the 
State, the amount of such excess, subject to such disposition thereof 
as the General Assembly may direct; if any of such officers shall fail 
to com])ly with the reciuisitions of this section for the ])eriod of 



APPENDIX 



305 



thirty davs after the expiration of each and everv year of his ofhce, 
such officer shall be deemed to have vacated his ofhce, and the 
Governor shall declare the same vacant, and the vacancy therein 
shall be filled as in case of vacancy for any other cause and such 
officer shall be subject to suit by the State for the amount that ovight 
to be paid into the Treasury; and no person holding any office 
created by or existing under this Constitution or Laws ot the htate 
or holding anv appointment under any Court in this State, shall 
receive more than three thousand dollars a year as a compensation 
for the discharge of his official duties, except in cases specially 
provided in this Constitution. 

Sec 2 The several Courts existing in this State at the time of the 
adoption of this Constitution shall, until superseded under its 
provisions, continue with like powers and jurisdiction, and in the 
exercise thereof, both at Law and in Equity, in all respects, as it this 
Constitution had not been adopted; and when said Courts shall be so 
superseded, all causes then depending in said Courts shall pass into 
the jurisdiction of the several Courts, by which they may be respec- 
tively superseded. 

Sec 8 The Governor and all officers, civil and military, now 
holding office under this State, whether by election or appointment, 
shall continue to hold, exercise and discharge the duties ot their 
offices (unless inconsistent with or otherwise provided m this <-onsti- 
tution), until they shall l)e superseded under its provisions, and until 
their successors shall be duly qualified. 

Sec 4 If at any election directed bv this Constitution, anv two 
or more candidates shall have the highest and an equal number ot 
votes, a new election shall be ordered by the Governor, except m 
cases'specially provided for by this Constitution. 

Trial by jury 

Sec. 5. In the trial of all criminal cases, the jury shall be the 
Judges of Law, as well as of fact. 

Sec G The right of trial by Jury of all issues of act in civil 
proceedings in the several Courts of Law in this State, where the 
amount in controversy exceeds the sum of five dollars, shall be 
inviolably preserved. 

Geiie)al e/cctioiis 

Sec 7 All "^eneral elections in this State shall be held on the 
Tuesday next after the first Mondav in the month of November, in 
the vear in which tliev shall occur; and the first election ot all 
officers, who, under this Constitution, are required to be elected by 
the people, shall, except in cases herein specially provided tor, be 
held on the Tuesday next after the first Monday of November, in the 
year eighteen hundred and sixty-seven. 



30b LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

Notitr 

Sec. 8. The Sheriffs of the several Counties of this State, and of 
the City of Baltimore, shall give notice of the several elections 
authorized by this Constitution, in the manner prescribed l)y existinjj 
Laws for elections to be held in this State, imtil said Laws shall be 
changed. 

Terms of office 

Sec. 9. The term of office of all Judges and other officers, for 
whose election provision is made by this Con.stitution, shall, except 
in cases otherwise expressly provided herein, commence from the 
time of their election; and all such officers shall qualify as soon after 
their election as practicable, and shall enter ui)on the duties of their 
respective offices inunediately upon their (lualification; and the term 
of office of the State Librarian and of Commissioner of the Land 
Office shall commence from the time of their appointment. 

Oualificatiou ofofficvrs — (\}fh to be ircorded 

Sec. 10. Any officer elected or a])])<)inted in pursuance of the 
provisions of tliis Constitution, may (pialify, either according to the 
existing provisions of Law, in relation to officers under the present 
Constitution, or before the Governor of the vState, or before any 
Clerk of any Court of Record in any part of the State; but in case an 
officer .shall qualify out of the County in which he resides, an official 
copy of his oath shall be filed and recorded in the Clerk's office of 
the Circuit Court of the County in which he may reside, or in the 
Clerk's office of the Superior Court of the City of Baltimore, if he 
shall reside therein. 

VOTK ON THK COX.STITrTION 

For the purpose of ascertaining the sense of the people of this State 
in regard to the adoption or rejection of this Constitution, the Gov- 
ernor shall issue his Proclamation within five days after the adjourn- 
ment of this convention, directed to the vSheriiTs of the City of 
Baltimore and of the several Counties of this vState, commanding 
them to give notice in the manner now prescribed by Law in reference 
to the election of members of the House of Delegates, that an election 
for the adoption or rejection of this Constitution will be held in the 
City of Baltimore, and in the several Counties of this vState, on 
Wednesday, the eighteenth day of September, in the year eighteen 
hundred and sixtj- .seven, at the usual places of holding elections for 
members of the House of Delegates in said city and counties. At the 
said election the vote shall be by ballot, and ujjon each ballot there 
shall be written or printed the words, "For the Constitution," or 
"Against the Constitution," as the voter may elect; and the provisions 
of the Laws of this State relating to the holding of general elections 
for members of the House of Delegates, shall in all respects apply to 
and regulate the holding of the saitl election. It shall be the duty of 
the Judges of Election in said cit}' and in the several comities of the 
State to receive, accurately count and dulv return the number of 



APPENDIX 307 

ballots so cast for or against the adoption of this Constitution, as well 
as any blank Ijallots which may be cast, to the several Clerks of the 
Circuit Courts of this State, and to the Clerk of the Superior Court of 
Baltimore City, in the manner now prescribed by Law, in reference 
to the election of members of the House of Delegates, and duplicates 
thereof, directly to the Governor; and the several clerks aforesaid 
shall return to the Governor, within ten days after said election, the 
number of ballots cast for or against the Constitution, and the 
number of blank ballots; and the Governor, upon receiving the 
returns from the Judges of Election, or the clerks as aforesaid, and 
ascertaining the aggregate vote throughout the State, shall, by his 
proclamation, make known the same; and if a majorit}^ of the votes 
cast shall be for the adoption of this Constitution it shall go into 
effect on Saturday, the fifth day of October, eighteen hundred and 
sixty-seven. 

Done in Convention, the seventeenth day of August, in the year of 
our Lord one thousand ei,s;ht hundred and sixty-seven, a?id of the 
Independence of the I nited States the ninety-second. 

RICHARD B. CARMICHAEL, 

President of the Convention. 
MILTON Y. KIDD, 

Secretarv. 



Bibliography 

A Working Library 

The following are suggestcil as forming an excellent working 
library at comparatively small expense. There are definite references 
to most of these works throughout the book, and their use in the 
school room would add greatly to the interest and value of the study. 
The prices in all cases are publishers' list, and from these discounts 
can usually be oljtained, either from the publishers or through 
dealers. 

Maryland: Thk History ok a rALAXiXATE. By William Hand 
Browne. Houghton, MifHiii & Co. Boston. $1.25. pp. 292. This is 
the most valuable single book for the school-room. 

Maryland AS a Proi'kif.tary Provinck. By Newton D.Mereness. 
The Macmillan Company. New York, 1901. $3 net. pp. 530. A 
very valuable book; contains the charter of the province and bibli- 
ography. 

Thk Lords Baltimoriv and Tin-; I\L\ryland PAL.vriNATH. By 
Clayton Colman Hall. John Murphy Co. Baltimore, 1903. $1.35. 
pp. 21<t. Six lectures (lelivered at the Johns Hopkins University; 
interesting and valuable for the school-room. 

CtKORGE and Cecilus Calvhrt. By William Hand Browne, in 
series, "Makers of America." Dodd, Mead & Co. New York. 
$1.00. pp.181. An interesting and critical account of the first two 
Barons Baltimore. 

Old ViRciiNiA AND Her Neighbors. Bvjohn Fiske. Houghton, 
Mifflin & Co. Boston. $4.00. 2 Vols. pp. 318 and 421 . Valuable 
for its lucid and entertaining style, and for containing the history 
of the sister colonies, Virginia and Carolina. It is also very useful 
for the excellent account of the life of the people in colonial times. 

Men, Women and Manners in Colonial Times. By Sydney 
George Fisher. The J. B. Lippincott Co. Philadelphia. 1:1.80 net. 
2 Vols. pp. 391 and 393. 104 pages in Volume 2 are given to an 
interesting account of Maryland. Like Fiske's Old riij^iiiia and 
Her Xci^hhors it contains much other material u.seful both in the 
history of Maryland and the history of the United States. 

The Beginners of a Nation. By Ivlward liggleston. P. 
Appleton & Co., New York. $1.50. pp. 220 to 265 are devoted to 
Maryland ; the author takes the less favorable view of the Calvert 
policy of toleration, but the account is a careful summary. 

INSTITLTIONS AND ClYIL (rOYERNMENT OK ]\L\RYLAND. By 
Bernard C Steiner. Ginn & Co. Boston. $\. This book, having 
been adopted as a text by the State Board of Education, will 
probably be found in every school room. It is very useful for 
reference. 

The Sun Almanac. Printed annually by the Ba//iinore Sun, 
contains much useful statistical matter, lists of officers, and current 
history. It is distributed gratuitously to subscribers, and several 
ought to be easily obtainable for any school. 



APPENDIX 309 

Additional Works 

For teachers and others who desire to make a more thorough study 
of Maryland history the following works are suggested. It is hardly 
necessary to say that the list is not exhaustive. Books that are out 
of print can sometimes be purchased from second hand dealers, and 
in most cases may be consulted at the large libraries. Perhaps few 
will care to study the entire list, but it is extended in order that 
information may be readily obtained on any particular phase of the 
subject desired. A few useful works of fiction are included. 

Chronicles of Colonial Maryland. By James Walter Thomas. 
The Baltimore Book Co, Baltimore. $5. Contains an elaborate 
map of St. Mary's and vicinity in the early days. 

Historical View of the Government of Maryland. By 
John V. L. McMahon. The Cashing Co. Baltimore. 12.50. 

The Furniture of Our Forefathers (Vol. I., Virginia and 
THE South). By Esther Singleton. Doubleday, Page & Co. New 
York. f2. (Complete in eight parts, $16.) The work contains 
numerous handsome plates and an inventory of the possessions of 
Governor Leonard Calvert. 

History of Maryland (to 1058). By John Leeds Bozman. 2 Vol. 
Out of print. An exhaustive work. 

Founders of Maryland, and Terra Marie. By E. D. Neill. 
Both out of print. 

History of Maryland to 1880. By J. Thomas Scharf. 'S large 
volumes. Out of print. This is the most extensive work on Mary- 
landhistory. Unfortunately, it is not always critical. Oneextremely 
valuable feature of the work is frequent and lengthy quotations from 
letters, pamphlets and other original documents. 

Chronicles of Baltimore. By J. Thomas Scharf. Out of print. 

History of Maryland (to 184S). By James INIcSherry. Out 
of print. The author sometimes falls into a style that is eulogy 
rather than history. 

Studies in the History of Early Mary'land. By Theodore 
C. Gambrill. Out of print. 

The Ancient City. (A history of Annapolis). By Elihu S. Riley. 
Annapolis. $1.50. 

Maryland. Its Resources, Industries and Institutions. 
Prepared by members of the Johns Hopkins University and others 
in 1893, for the Maryland Board of Managers of the World's Fair. 



The admirable series of Johns Hopkins University Studies in 
Historical and Political Science contains a number of valuable works 
on Maryland history. A complete list may be obtained by address- 
ing the Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore. The following numbers 
will be found especially useful: 

Old Maryland Manors. By J. H.Johnson. First Series, vii. 30c. 

Maryland's Influence LTpon Land Cessions to the United 
States. By Herbert B. Adams. Third Series, i, 75c. 

Early Relations of Maryland and Virginia. By J. H. 
Latane. Thirteenth Series, iii and iv. 50c. 



310 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

Causes of the Maryland Revolution of IGBi). By Francis E. 
Sparks. Fourteenth .Series, xi and xii. 50c. 

Life .\ni) .administration of Sir Robert Eden. By Bernard 
C. Steiner. Sixteenth .Series, vii-ix. !^L 

Early Df;velopmi:nt ok the Che.sape.vks and Ohio Canal 
Project. By George \V. Ward. vSeventeenth Series, ix, x, xi. 75c. 



Publications of the Maryland Historical Society 

A list of these valuable works may Ije obtained by addressing 
the Librarian, .\thenaeuni Building, Baltimore, Maryland. The fol- 
lowing are especially suggested: 

Fund Publications, 37 Af umbers 

15. A Character of the Province of M.\rvland. By George 
Alsop. 1600. )j!5. 

18. Foundation of Maryland and Orkun of the Act Con- 
cerning Religion. By Bradlev T. Johnson. 210 pp. $2. 

21. Maryland in Liberia. By J. H. B. Latrobe. 188 pp. $1.50. 

23. The Gre.\T Seal of MarVland. Bv Clavton C. Hall. 4 
plates. 11.25. 

30. Early Maryland Poetry. Ed. by B. C. Steiner. 2 plates. 
11.25. 

Very interesting and valuable also, are the selections from the 
Calvert Papers found in numbers 28, 34, and 35. 



Twenty-two volumes of the Archives of Maryland have been pub- 
lished. They embrace proceedings of the General Assembly if'om 
1()37), of the executive council (from 1(13(1), and of the provincial court 
(from 1(137); the correspondence of Governor Horatio Sharpe, and 
papers relating to the Revolutionary War. The price per volume is 
$2.50 in pa]ier, J3 in cloth, except Vol. XVIII (Muster Rolls of the 
Revolution j which is .^5. 



Fiction 

Richard C.\rvel. B}- Winston Churchill. The Macmillan Co. 
New York. 11.60. 

A Maryland Manor. By Frederick Emory. F. A. Stokes & 
Co. New Y'ork. |1.50. 

The Tower of Wye. Bv W. H. Babcock. Henry T. Coates & 
Co. Philadelphia. #1.50. 

Kent Foot Manor. By W. H. Babcock. Henry T. Coates & 
Co. Philadelphia. $1. ^ 

Sir Christopher. By Maud Wilder Goodwin. Little, Brown & 
Co. Boston. |1. 50. 

Mistress Brent. By Lucy INI. Thruston. Little Brown & Co. 
Boston. |1.50. 



APPENDIX . 311 

Jack and His Island. By Lucy M. Thruston. Little, Brown 
& Co. Boston. $1.20 net. 

Rob of the Bowl. By John P. Kennedy. Out of print. 



Periodical Literature 

Many useful and interesting magazine articles may be found 
by consulting Poole's Index of Periodical Literature. 



INDEX 



Abolitionists 157-8 

Agriculture, the sole occupa- 
tion in earU' :Maryland. . . . 17,(50 
methods in colonial times .. 92 

at the present time 189-90 

Altona 53 

American Colonization Society 157 

Amusements in colonial times 98 

Annapolis, settlement of 38-9 

picture -10 

becomes capital 58 

character in early days 60, 9- 

center of gaiety and fashion. 98 

capital of the United States. 131 
Washington surrenders his 
commission in State House 

at 131 

representation in House of 

Delegates. 151: loses 153 

Anne Arundel comity formed 

and named 39 

Antietam , battle of 104 

Aquarian products of Mary- 
land, in the province 15. til 

in the state 190-1 

Archives, of the province 197 

Ark and Dove 13 

Armistead Major, in com- 
mand of Fort McHenry . . . . 137 

monument to 181 

Art gallaries 198 

Articles of Confederation, first 

constitution of the U. S .. 135 
Maryland refuses to adopt at 

first 135, 12ti 

adopted by Maryland 137 

prove unsatisfactorj' 137-8 

supplanted bv the Constitu- 
tion ' 138-9 

Assembly, Legislative, the first. 15-t5 
of 11)3^, not representative, 

proxies 17 

of Itj39, made representative. 39 

made bicameral 29,48 

Houses engage in contro 

versy 55, tJ8, 75 

votes gift of lUO.OOUpounds of 
tobacco to second proprie- 
tary 55 

asserts popular rights at time 

of Revolution 79 

General Assembly of state 

established 87 

sessions made biennial 153 

under Constitution of 1867.- ■ 173 
rejects fifteenth amendment 

to Constitution of the U. S. 174 

Attorney-general of Maryland 173 

Augusta Carolina 14 

becomes St Mary s county. . 18 

Australian ballot 189 

Avalon 4 



Baltimore city, founded 68 

pictures . . . ." 67, 69 

Germans immigrate to 70 

rapid growth of ,. '.3 

capital of the U. S 1U9 

leads in fitting out privateers 

in the Revolution 119 

zeal and patriotism in War 

of 1813 134 

threatened bv the British 135, 136 

attacked bv the British 137-40 

called the "Monumental 

City" 145 

B. Si O. R. R Co. formed in.. 180 
terminal of first electric tele- 
graph line 151, 180 

representation in House of 

Delegates 1.51, 1.52,173 

Sixth Massachusetts regi. 

ment mobbed in 160 

representation of in the Gen- 
eral Assembly 173 

judicial system of 173 

lower parts are flooded 175 

public buildings of 176 

has first electric railway 180 

defense celebrated ' 180-1 

manufacturing industries... 191 
commercial center of Marv- 

land '.. 193 

public school system 195 

Baltimore City College 1^5 

Baltimore clipper ships 135 

picture 136 

ground broken, etc 148 

completed to the Ohio river. 149 
partlv destroyed during 

Civil War 166 

strike on 179 80 

development of 193 

controlled by the Pennsyl- 
vania railroad 193 

Ball i more, the cruiser 184 

picture 185 

Baltimore & Ohio railroad, 

company formed 147-8 

Baltimore, Lord, see Calvert 
and Proprietar}- 

Bank of Maryland, f.iils 149-150 

Barney, Johua, appointed to 

connuand of the Hydt-r Ally 119 

defeats the General Monk. . . . 131 

in War of 1813 137 

Battle Monument 145 

picture 145 

Beatty, William killed at the 

battle of Hobkirk's Hill... 118 

Benham, Rear-Admiral 187 

Bennett. Richard 41 

Bernard, Alfred Duncan 184 

Bill of Rights 173-3 

Blackiston's Island 12 



314 



INDEX 



Blacleiisliiirg, battle of Vu 

Boundaries, charter T 

altered by tactics of William 

Peini 53 

alteretl by surreiirler of ter- 

rilorv to Peiins 70-1 

dispute over leads to border 

warfare '1-- 

Mason and Dixon's Line — 7:i 

eastern "''* 

!SO\itliern and western 72 

Bunker Mill SJ 

Butler, B K liil 

Braddock, (".eneral 74 

Branch, the Kev. Henry IH4 

Brandy wine, battle of the Ill 

Brent.' Giles, temporary eov- 

ernor 'il 

Browning Louise K(( 

Burgovne. General HI 

Butler', John :> 

Cabot - 

Calvert, Benedict Leonard 

governor tiH 

Calvert, Benedict Leonard. 

proprietary 5!i 

Calvert, Cecilins oorlrait 5 

becomes Lord Baltimore 6 

receives charter for Mary- 
land ti 

character and plans 11, .511 

yields to people right to pro- 
pose legislation 17 

attitude during Civil War 

against Charles I lil 

policy of religious toleration 1'-', 3S 
province restored to, after 

Puritan Rev( lution 43 

suppresses Kendall's Rebel 

lion 4!t 

death nil 

Capital; see Annapolis and St. 

Mary's. 
Catholics, see Religion. 
Calvert, Charles, governor of 

Maryland tiO 

Calvert.' Charles, third Lord 
Baltimore appointed gov- 
ernor SO 

becomes second proprietary. .W 

character •'•'i 

surrounded bv difficulties.. . 53 , 5(1 
voted gift of K'lfi.dilli pounds of 

tobacco by the .\ssembly.. 55 

becomes a mere landlord ... . 57 

death .j'.t 

Calvert Charles fifth Lord 

Baltimore 59 

portrait 5!t 

government of fifi 

death 73 

Calvert. Frederick, becomes 

sixth Lord Baltimore 73 

character 73 

death 80 

Calvert, George 2,3 

portrait 3 



made Baron of Baltimore.. . . 3 

plan for founding a colony.. 4 

visits Virginia 4 

death (1 

character li 

Calvert, Leonard first gov- 
ernor of Maryland 11 

captures Kent Island :i3 

goes to Kngland 3I 

returns to Maryland -.fZ 

flees to Virginia ;j3 

recaptures St. Mary's 3 

death 33 

character 3;^-4 

monument to 34, l^l 

Calvert. I'hilip, secretary of 

Ijrov-nce 4'.t 

governor 50 

Camden , batlle of 114 

Carmichael, Judge IW 

Carroll. Charb s of Carrollton 80 
at burning of I'eggy Stewart W 
signs Declaration of Inde- 
pendence Hi) 

breaks ground for Baltimore 

and Ohio railroad I4.S 

Caswell, General 114 

Caulks Field ]3fi-7 

Census state, foot note isu 

I harles I becomes King of 

England 4 

tyranny of 30 

at war with Parliament 30 

beheaded 31 

Charles H, becomes King of 

Kngland 31 

supports proprietary in Fen- 

dalls Rebellion." 4'.l-.")() 

Charleston, captured by the 

British 113 

Charter of Maryland 6, 7 

Chase Samuel Hi; 

City Hall, Baltimore 17(i 

Civil War in Kngland 30-1 

Civil War in the I'nited States, 

proper attitude toward .... ITiB 

causes and beginning 157-H 

position of Maryland in 1.59-(i0 

])r<)gress and termination of. ItiO 

first bloodshed of 160 

Maryland troops in lf);5-4 

conditions in Maryland dur- 
ing " 161-3 

. invasionsof Maryland during 164, 166 
Claiborne William character 
an<l plans, influence on 

Maryland 23-4 

defies the authority of Mary- 
land ." 24 

sends out the Cockatrice ... 25 

loses Kent Island 28 

in alliance with Richard 

Ingle 32,3 

on commission to take 

charge of Virginia 41 

overturns Maryland govern- 

mf nt 41-2 



INDEX 



315 



Clinton General 112 

captures Charleston 113 

Cloberry and Company 24, 25 

Cockburn. Admiral, commits 
depredations in the Chesa- 
peake 135 

Cockrane Admiral 136 

Collectors of duties, king's. . . 55, 5t) 

College of electors 87 

Colleges and universities of 

Maryland 1P6 

Colonial architecture, see 

Homes. 
Colonial governments, three 

kinds 7 

Columbus Christopher 1 

Committees of Observation .S3 

Comptroller of the treasury'. . . 173 

Conditions of Plantation 17-8 

Confederate States of America, 159 

Congress, of the colonies 83, 85 

Constitution of Maryland, the 

charter 6 

in 165S 48 

first State (187ti) 86-7 

amendments to 151-2 

of 1851 152 

of 1864 172-4 

Constitution of the U. S. 

adopted 12it 

declared supreme law in 

Maryland 173 

fifteenth amendment to 174 

Convention, the. in Revolution 82-3 
declares independence of 

Maryland 86 

Convention, commercial, at 

Annapolis (1786) 123 

constitutional (17ft7) 1.8 

in Marvland adopts Federal 

Constitution 129 

Convicts, transported to 

colonies 62 

Coode, John 56-7 

Cooper. Peter 148 

Coplev, Sir Lionel 57 

death 58 

Copper mines in Marj-land . . . . 93 

Corn grown in early Maryland 19, til 

pounded in mortars 19,61 

in Revohitionarv times 92 

at the present time 189. 190 

Cornwallis. Lord, a t Long 

Island 105 

at Trenton 108 

in command in the South .... 113 

at Camden 114 

campaign against Greene... 116 

surrenders to Washington.. 116 
Cornwallis, Thomas, releases 

Ingle 31 

Council, governor's in the 

province 48 

under the state 87 

abolished 152 

Courthouse, Baltimore 176 

Cowpens, battle at the llfi, 117 

Maryland troops in 116-117 



Crabs 190 

Cresap, Michael 122 

"Critical Period" of Ameri- 
can history, the 127 8 

Cromwell. Oliver, beconjes 
Lord Protector of the Com- 
monwealth 31 

Cromwell Richard, becomes 

Protector 31 

Council of Safety 8.-3 

Cumberland, lort 76 

Cumberland city on site of 

Fort Cumberland 75 

terminal of Chesapeake and 

Ohio canal 146 

manufacturing industries... 191-2 
commercial center of wes- 
tern Maryland 195-4 

pictures 191, 192, 193 

Dancing 98 

Declaration of Independence, 

of the English colonies 83-4 

signers for Marvland 86 

the Maryland. . ." 86 

Delegates in legislature, in 

the province 29,48 

in the state 87, 173 

Dewey Admiral, wins battle 

of Manila bay 185 

president of Schley Court of 

Inquiry 87 

gives dissenting opinion in 

Schley case 87 

Dishes, table, in colonial 

times 94-6 

Di.vir. the 188 

Dove, see Ark and Dove 

Dress in colonial times 96, 98 

Dulaney, Daniel 80 

Dunmore Lord 113 

Duquesne, Fort 74 

Dutch, occupy Marj'land terri- 

torv 52 

Dyer. Captain 184 

Early. General, invades Mary- 
land 166 

Eden, Robert, governor of 

Maryland 79 

legislates by proclamation. . 80 

leaves Maryland 83 

Education, in colonial Mary- 
land 100 

public lands granted for. 

footnote 127 

interest in following the 

Revolution 132-3 

in South aided bv George 

Peabody ." 166 

in the state 194-7 

Election law, in Maryland 189 

Ellicott City, first terminus of 
the Baltimore and Ohio 

railroad 148 

picture 150 

partlv destroyed bv a flood.. 175 

Elliott'! Jesse Duncan 135 

English colonies 1,2 



316 



INDEX 



Enoch Pratt Free Library . . . 18(1, l!t8 
Episcopal church established 

in Maryland 57 

Episcopal clergv men 58, 93 

Eutaw Springs, battle of. ICti. 119 

Maryland troops at 119 

Eveliti. George, agent of Clo- 

berry and Company 25 

made commander of Kent 

island vinder Maryland — 28 

Fidnal Kepiibliiit u. the 135 

Kendall Josias, appointed 

governor 4t 

rebels against the proprie- 
tary *9-50 

Financial distresses 149-50 

First colonists to Maryland... U 
Fleet, Henry guides first colo- 
nists 14 

conducts trading expedi- 
tions 24 

Floods IT.i 

Food, abundance in colonial 

times 15, 01 , 95 

Ford, )ohn D 184 

Fort Washington 106, 108 

Fort Mifflin 112 

Fort McHenry, location 137 

repulses the British fleet 140 

Foxhunting 08 

France, fights with England 
for control of NoTth Amer- 
ica 73-5 

aids American colonies in 

Revolution Ill 

Frederick, Fort 75 

Frederick city, founded 70 

picture ll>5 

captured during Civil War.. Itiri 

manufacturing industries 192 

as a commercial center 194 

Free Schools, see Education. 

French and Indian War 74 

Frizell. Susan 63 

Front Royal, battle at. 164 

Fuller, Vi illiam 42 

command Puritans in battle 

of the Severn 42 

in Assembly of ItidO 49 

Gambling 98 

Game, in the province 15, 61 

Gates, General 114 

Gf-netal .^fouk. the • 121 

Geographical Society of Balti- 
more 1!'7 

George III. King of England, 

character and policy of — 7li, 85 
Germans immigrate to :Mary- 

land in 18th century 70 

Germ an town, battle of. Ill 

Maryland troops in 112 

Gerrafd 38 

Gettysburg, battle of 166 

Gibson. William 148 

Oilman, Daniel C, president 
of Johns Hopkins Univer- 
sity 76 



president of the Geographi- 
cal Society of Baltimore... 197 
Gist, Mordecai, at battle of 

Long Island 105 

portrait 106 

suppresses Tory insurrection 113 

Government of Maryland, first 7-8 

early changes in 16, 17, 29 

reorganized 34-5 

chanyes to royal province. . . .57 

restored to Cal verts ,59 

changes wrought by roj-al 

government 66 

under Convention and Coun- 
cil of Safety 82 3 

formation of state 8t)-7 

reforms in ( lMi-lX51 1 151-2 

under Constitution of IMil... 173 

under Constitution of 1,'<67. . . 172-4 
Governor of Maryland, appointed 

by proprietary 7 

niav approve laws tempo- 
rarily 29 

presides over Assembly 29 

duties and powers 48 

made head of state govern- 
ment, election term 87 

election of given to the peo- 
ple, term made 4 years 152 

powers and diilies under 

Constitution of 18(>7 173 

Grant fUneral 160, 166 

Great Seal of Maryland, stolen 35 

descripton of 35 

illustrations 36, 37 

Greene, Nathanael, receives 

command in the South.... 116 

campaigns in the South 116 

order to Williams at Eutaw 

Springs 119 

prai'^es ^[arvland troops 119 

Griffith, William kidgelv 184 

Guilford Courthouse battle at. 116, 118 

Maryland troops at 118 

monument on battle field to 

Maryland Line 182 

Gunbv, John, at the battle of 

Guilford Courthouse 118 

at the battle of Hobkirk's 

Hill 118 

Jfaheas corpus, writ of ex- 
plained 161 

suspended during Civil War, 161 
opinion on by Chief Justice 

Taney 161-2 

resolution of Maryland As- 
sembly on 162 

Hager, Jonathan, founds 

Hagerstown 70 

Hagerstown founded 70 

captured during Civil War.. 166 

picture 167 

manufacturers of 192 

as a commercial center 194 

Harford .Henry 80 

Hart, governor 66 

Havre de Grace, burned by 

British 135 



INDEX 



317 



Heating of houses in colonial 

times •'•"> 

Henrietta :Maria, portrait 4 

Maryland named in honor of '! 
Herbert James K.. in battle of 

Gettysburg l')<5 

monument to 1>^1 

Herrman, Augustin. foot note. 52 

Hobkirk's Hill, battle of 11I5, IIS-S 

Maryland troops at ll.H-9 

Hoes of colonial tunes 03 

Hood, stamp distributor 78 

Hopkins. Johns 176 

Horse racing 98 

Hospitality in Maryland fi3 

Homes, in'early Maryland 18, (iO 

in colonial times 94-6 

pictures 61.93,94,95,97 

Hospitality in Maryland 63, 96 

Howard. John Eager, at the 

battle of Cowpens 116-7 

assigned to troops to cover 

Greene's retreat 118 

at the battle of Guilford 

Courthouse 118 

at the battle of Eutaw 

Springs 119 

tribute to by Greene 119 

governor of Maryland 131 

Howard John Eager (grand- 
son of foregoing) in Mexi- 
can War 153 

Howe, General Ill 

Hundred, division of county,. 19 

St, George s 19 

Hxdi-y Alh\\\ the 119, 121 

Indented servants 63 

Indians, of Maryland 14 

Leonard Calvert's dealings 

with 14, 15 

Land purchased from 14 

Nanticoke and Susquehan- 

nocks commit outrages ... . 39 

threatening 49 

methods of warfare 74, 75 

Industries of Mar> land, in the 

province 17-9, 60, 91-3 

in the state 189-93 

see Agriculture, Aquarian 

products, Mining, etc 

Ingle, Richard, invades Mary- 
land ". . 33-3 

Iron mines of Maryland 93 

James, Duke of York, seizes 

Maryland territory 53 

makes a grant to William 

Pen n .53 

becomes king of England .. . .53 
helps Penn to seize Maryland 

territory .53 

becomes a tyrant and is 

driven from the throne. .. . 53 

James I. king of England 3, 3 

opinion about the rights of 

kings 30 

Jamestown, settlement of 3 

Jews, enfranchised 1.53 



Johnson. Bradley T., in com- 
mand of the Maryland I^ine 

in the Southern army 164 

Johnson, Thomas, first state 

governor of Maryland 87 

nominates Washington for 

commander-in-chief 103 

in battle at Front Royal 164 

portrait 164 

Johns Hopkins Hospital 176-7 

Johns Hopkins University.... 176 

receives state aid 196 

Joppa 68 

Judiciary of Maryland, in the 

province 4H 

in the state (1776) S7 

under Constitution of 1867... 173 

Julv the Third the battle of. . . 184-5 

Kalb, Baron 114 

Kenly, John R., in command 
of Maryland troops in 

Northern army 163 

in battle at Front Royal 164 

portrait 163 

Kent Island, Claiborne estab- 
lishes a trading piston — 34 
capture of. by Leonard Cal- 
vert 38 

awarded to Maryland by 
Board of Commissioners 

for the Plantations , 38 

Key, Francis Scott, composes 

Star Spangled Banner 140-1 

monument erected to 183 

King William's School .59 

merged in St. John's College V^ 

Lafayette, ISIarquis de 116, 131 

Landing of first colonists in 

Maryland 13 

Laws, how made in colony,,,. 39 
revised code passed by 

A ssemblv of 1715 66 

of England against American 
commerce and manufac- 
tures 76 

Lawyers, of colonial Maryland 93 

Learned Societies 197 

Lee, Charles 106, 108 

at the battle of Monmouth. . 113 

Lee. Robert E i6o 

invades Maryland 164, 166 

defeated at South Mountain 164 

in battle of Antietam 164 

defeated at Gettysburg 166 

surrenders ' 160, 166 

Lemlv, Samuel C 187 

Lee, Thomas Sim 131 

Lewger John 17 

Lewis, tried and filled 38 

Lexington , battle of 8:5 

Liberia 1.57 

Libraries, public 198 

Lighting of houses in colonial 

times 95 

Lincoln, General 113 

Lincoln, Abraham, elected 

president , 158 



318 



INDEX 



calls for 75,(100 volunteers Kill 

Literature in colonial Mary- 
land KX) 

London Company '^ 

Long Island, battle of 104-(> 

McClellan, Ceneral KU 

Maiiif. the, destruction of 1S4 

Manila bay, battle of IS-t 

Manners and Ciistonis in the 

early days of the c> lony — IT-li' 

in the ISth century " .^iMili 

Maryland life in colonial 

times '.•1-101 

In U. S. after the Revolution. l:.'7-s 

Manufacturing industries I'.'l-- 

Mary land, character of country 
at the time of the first land- 
ing 13 

named for Queen Henrietta 

Maria 

prosperous beginning of 15 

becomes a royal province... .57 

1 restored to the Calverts .59 

becomes a n independent 

state («;-7 

compared with Virginia !•! 

in the Revolution 121-:i 

part in establishing the 

Federal Union li') 

cedes land for Federal capi- 
tal i;!:! 

in War of 1S12 i:j.5-U0 

attitude at opening of Civil 
War conditions in during the 

Civil War lHl-;i 

aids South after the Civil 

War liic, 

present government of 17"_'-4 

politics and elections in IKH !) 

industries of isit-lt:,' 

commerce and transporta- 
tion in lit;'-4 

education in im-7 

public school system of I'.U 5 

Maryland Academy of Sciences I'.C 
Maryland Colonization So- 
ciety 157 

Mary land (ia-e/ti-, the KKI 

prints controversy between 

Carroll and Dulany W 

picture 99 

Maryland Historical Society. . 197 

art gallery of 19S 

Maryland Institute IOC. 

Marvland soHiers. at Long 

Island 10.5-ti 

in Northern campaigns of 

the Revolution 108-9, 112-3 

at Camden 114 

in the Southern campaigns 

of the Revolution lltillit 

Services in the Revolution.. VZ\-'Z 

in the Mexican War 1.5:2-3 

in the Civil War l(>3-4, lOfi 

in the Spanish-American War IN"^ 

Mason and Dixon's Line 7:i 

Medical and Chirurgical 

Faculty of Maryland 197 



Merryman, John 

Mexican War, the 

Maryland soldiers in 

monument to 

Mining industries, in the 

province 

in the state 

Monument to George Wash- 
ington 

picture 

Battle Monument 

to Col. Armistead 

to Leonard Calvert 

picture 

to Gen. Herbert 

at Guilford Courthouse 

to Maryland's 400 at Long 

Island 

picture 

to Gen. Small wood 

to F. S. Key 

to Marylanders who aided 
the cause of freedom dur- 
ing the Revoluti.)n 

picture 

Morgan. Gen., at the battle of 

Cowpens 

Morse. Samuel F. li 

Monmouth, battle of 

Maryland troops in 

Neale. Councilor, releases 

Ingle 

Nepotism in the province 

New Amsttl 

Nicholson, Commodore 

Nicholson, Francis, becomes 

governor 

founds KingWilliam's School 

efforts for education 

Ninety-Six. siege of. assault by 
troops of Maryland and 

Virginia 

Non-Importation ssociation 

North, the life and customs 

differ from those of the 

South 

slavery abolished in 

controversy with South over 

slavery 

defeats the armies of the 

South 

North America, struggle for 
between English and 

l'"rench 

North Point, battle of 

Northwest Territory 

conflicting claims of .states. . 
map of land claims in 17K^. . . 
interest in preserves the 

Union 

stand of Maryland makes a 
national do m a i n and 

founds Federal I'nion 

lands from set aside for edu- 
cation, foot note 

Occupations, in colonial times 

Ohio Company 

"Old Congress" Hall " 



ICl 

1.52 

1523 

153 

93 

litO 

143 
144 
145 
181 
181 
34 
181 
182 

182 
107 
182 
182 



184 
Wi 

110 7 
1.51 
112 
112 

32 
54 
.52 
121 

58 

59 

.59, 194 



119 

79, 82 



91 
1.57 



1.58 
1(10 



73-5 
138 
125 

126 
12(5-7 

12(i 



126 7 

127 
91-3 

74 
109 



INDEX 



319 



Oregon, the 18H 

Oysters 61, 190 

Paca 'William H6 

governor of Maryland 131 

Palatinate, Maryland a 7 

meaning 8 

Durham model for Maryland 8 
Palmer's Island, occupied by 

traders 24 

Parker. Sir Peter 13(5, 137 

Peabody. George supports 

Maryland ci edit 1")] 

contributes to the cause of 

education in the South .... 106 
endows the Peabodv Insti- 
tute ". 171 

contributes to the Maryland 

Historical ~ociety 171 

not a native of Maryland 173 

Peabodv Institute, dedicated.. 171 

library of 198 

art gallery of 198 

Peggy Stewart, burning cf the. 82 
Penn, William, is granted 

I'enns\ Ivania 52 

gains territo'-y from Mary- 
land 52 3 

Pennsylvania Railroad Com- 
pany 193 

People of Maryland, charac'er 

of 62-3, 100-1 

Peter Cooper's Locomotive — 148 

picture 149 

Philadelphia, "finest city in 

Maryland" 71-2 

captured by the British Ill 

evacuated by the British 112 

Plows of colonial times SRJ 

Pocomoke, battle of the 25 

Poe, Edgar Allan 178-9 

portrait 178 

Political parties 188 

Politics and elections in Mary- 
land ". . 188-9 

Poll tax in Maryland 57-8 

Polytechnic Institute, Balti- 
more 195 

Popular Privileges and Rights 
charter grant.s to Mary- 
landers the rights of Kng- 

lishmen 7 

exemption of the colony 

from royal taxation 7 

struggle for the privilege of 

proposing legislation 16-17 

Assembly contends for 55, 68 

demand for the rights and 

privileges of Englishmen. 68,78 
contention for during French 

and Indian War 75 

asserted at time of Revolu- 
tion 79, 82, 83, 85 

Maryland becomes a state. .. 85-6 

state government formed — 86-7 

democratic changes 1.52 

stated in Maryland Bill of 

Rights 172-3 



Population of Maryland at the 

time of the Revolution 91 

Pory. John, conducts trading 

expeditions 24 

Post office, Baltimore 176 

Potomac Company, formed 131 

merged in C. & O. Canal Co.. 132 

Pratt, p:noch 188 

Presbyterians, spread in colony 93 
Privations, .\merican, in the 

Revolution 119 

in the War of 1812 13.5 

Professional schools 1h6 

Property qualifications, for 

voters and office holders... 87 

abolished ^15i 

Proprietarv', rights and powers 7, 48 

becomes a mere landlord 57 

is restored to Maryland gov- 
ernment 59 

Protestants, see Religion 

Protestant Association .56 

Protestant Revolution((1689). . . .56-7 

Provincial Court 48 

Providence, settlement of 38-9 

Public Improvements, plans of 

Potomac Co 131-2 

Chesapeake and Ohio canal . . 145-6 

Baltimore and Ohio railroad. 147^8 

aided by the state 151 

first telegraph line 151 

Public Schools, see Education. 

Pula.ski, Count 122 

Puritans, settle in Maryland... 39 
granted freedom of worship. 39 
rebel against Lord Baltimore 39-42 
surrender province to pro- 
prietary 43 

control assembly of 1660 49 

Quakers " 49, 55 

Ramsay, Rear-Admiral 187 

Ramsey, Nathaniel 112-3 

portrait 112 

Rawdon. I.ord, at Camden 114 

Rayner, Isidor 187 

Redemptioners, see indented 

servants 

Reed, Philip, in command at 

Caulks Field 136 

monument •.•■.■■• ^'^* 

Religion, meaning of religious 

intolerance 3 

of first Maryland colonists... 12 
Protestants" and Catholics in 

Maryland 34 

Toleration Act 35,38 

Puritaji intolerance 39-42 

Feeling against Catholics 54 

F^piscopal church established 

by law 57 

severe laws atrainst Catholics -58 

Religious Toleration in Maryland. 12 

Toleration Act 35, 38 

Protestants protected 38 

Puritans granted freedom of 

worship 39 

Republican party, formed 158 

elects Lincoln president 158 



320 



INDEX 



"ktpiuliation Day." foot note.. 7S 

Resources of Wfstfrn Maryland 1151 

Revolutionary War, causes of. Tli-7'.* 

task of tlie Americans in IICM 

campaigns of 1U4-1() 

naval operation in llil, V^l 

close of 1".J1 

:\Iaryland in the Mi-Ti 

sutierinjj of soldiers in lOfS, 111-2 

Rid.ualy, Randolph 15;$ 

Riufitrold, Samuel l.")3 

"Rolline: roads" (iO 

Roosevelt. President 1S7 

Ross, General, arrives in the 

Chesapeake V-Vi 

captures Washington 137 

killed i;W 

Rousby. Christopher, killed... 55 

Rumsey, James, foot note lli'.t 

St. Clement's Island I'J 

St. Joseph's College, founded.. i;Ji 
St. Marv's. first capital of Marv- 

land '. . U 

location and settlement U 

ceases to he capital, and 

dwindles away Sit 

character of town (iO 

Sampson. Rear-.Xdmiral 1H5 

Schley, Winfield Scott, second 
in command in Cuban 

waters 1,H 

in battle of July the Third... 1S5 

Court of Inquiry 1,S7 

api)eals to the ]jresident 1S7 

received popular sympathv.. 1H7-.'^ 

portrait ' ]S(J 

Schools, see Kducation 

Scotch-Irish immigrants 70 

Scott, Irving M 188 

Secession, meaning of 128 

threats of after the Revolu- 
tion 128 

threats of from New England 

states 134 

differences of opinion about. ]."i8 

Southern states secede 158-9 

Secretary of the province 4S 

Secretary of State 173 

Senate, see Senators 

Senators, chosen by electoral 

college ^7 

elected by the people 1.V2 

under Constitution of 1 -(17 173 

Servants, see Negroes and In- 
dented servants 

Severn, battle of the 42 

Shad lit] 

Sharpe, Horatio, governor of 

Maryland 75 

efforts in the French and In- 
dian War 751 

contents with .\ssemblv 75, 79 

succeeded by Robert Eclen . . . 79 
Sixth Massachusetts regiment 

mobbed in Baltimore IfJO 

Slaves, negroes as 02, '. (i 

retained in South, freed in 

North l,")i;-7 



proportion of to free negroes 

in Maryland 157 

efforts in South for gradual 

emancipation 157 

plan of colonizing 157 

controversy over between 

North an South 1.57-8 

Smallwood, William, absent 

from battle of Long Island. 104 

portrait 105 

supjjresses Tory insurrection 113 

governor of Maryland 131 

monument to 182 

Smith, Thomas, arrested in the 
'Tatuxeut river for trading 

without a license 25 

commands vessel of Cl.iiborne 

in a fight with Marylauders 25 

stirs ui) trouble in Kent 

Island • 28 

condemned to death 28 

Smith, Samuel, defense of Fort 

Mifiliti 112 

in command at Haltiniore 

(1S14) 1.37 

suppresses riots in Haltimore 151 

Sons of the .\merican Revolu- 
tion. Maryland Society of, 
mark site of "Old Congress 

Hall" 109 

erect monument to Mary- 
land's 41 in Prospect Park, 

Urooklvn 182 

erect monument to Gen. 

Smallwood 182 

erect Maryland Revolution- 
ary Monumeiit 182 

Society, in colonial Marvland. 17-9, 
59-(53, 9()-101 

Sons of Liberty 78 

South, the life and customs 
different from those of the 

North 91 

slavery in 157 

controversy \\ ith North over 

slaverv 1.58 

states of secede 1.58-9 

aided bv Maryland after Civil 

War..' ." 166 

Southern Relief .Association. . . 166 

South Mountain, battle of 164 

Spaniards in the New World.. 1 

Spanish-.\merican War, the... 184-8 

.Stani]) .\ct, the 78 

Star-Spangled Banner, the 140-1 

State of Societv, see Manners 

and customs and Society- ■ 

Steamboat, the, of James Riim- 

sev. foot note 129 

Steiner, Bernard C 180 

Steiner, Lewis H 180 

Stevens, (Veneral 114 

Stewart, .\ji thony 82 

Stirling, (jeneral, in battle of 

Long Island 104, 105, 106 

Stone. Thomas 86 

Stone. William, appointed gov- 
ernor -34 



INDEX 



321 



invites Puritans to Marland. 3!^ 

in the Puritan Revolution... 41-~ 

in battle of the Severn • l- 

Strieker, General, in commauci 

of Baltimore militia -l* 

Suffrage, in Maryland, property 

qualification for J' 

qualification abolished lo<5 

granted to Jews l^" 

oaths prescribed for voters.. Ij^- 

under Constitution of 1867. . . 1^* 

Swedes, in Maryland oO 

Talbot, George, kills Chris- 

topher Rousby 22, 

rescued from prison oo 

pardoned bv king oo 

Tanev, Chief Justice • • . • ■ ioL 

Tarleton, Colonel, at Camden. IH 
at the battle of Cowpens. . . . . llt>, 11. 

Taxation, English principle of. .'j 
Maryland exempted from 

taxation by English govern- ^ 

raent.. '• '^ 

Tea, taxed ;•; • • V ' ' ' im 

Terrapin, the diamond-back. .. i»i 
Theatre, first in America 

claimed bv Annapolis 9o 

Thomas, Philip E., first presi- 
dent of the Baltimore and 

Ohio railroad 1*'-'' 

Tobacco, the staple in Mary- 

land ^^ 

used as money I'-'i i^i 61-2, lU 

overproduction 'jy 

rolling roads j" 

trade 1*^' ^ 

export of •, ; ^ 

method of cultivation "^ 

raised at present time l|w 

Toleration Act, the *''*;!, 

Puritan /■; 

Tome Institute J™"' 

Tories in Somerset and \\ or- 

cester counties li-J 

Towns, slow growth in the early 

^ayg OU, 0» 

growth in later colonial times 92 

Towson, Nathan ■ ••■ l<j5 

town of Towson named for, 

footnote Y^ 

portrait ^'^^ 

Trade, with England m early 

times 

with Indians for furs 19 

at plantation "landings," bU, 9,3 

export in Revolutionary 

times "1 

need of trade route to West- 

ern Marvland i-ii, I« 

Chesapeake and Ohio canal 

built for Western trade l-to-o 

Baltimore and Ohio railroad 

built for Western trade Ui-S 

Travel, in earlv Maryland 63 

Treasurer, of Maryland 1 <o 

Valley Forge 1\^ 

Virginia, founded ■j 

made a royal colony * 



colonv jealous of Marvland.. 23 
declares against the Calvert 

claim to Maryland ■ . -4 

takes side of king in civil 

war ^^ 

loses in disputes with Mary- 

land • • ■ • *J 

compared with Maryland... vf 
troops in the Revolution, 108, 114, 119 
cedes land for Washington 

citv 1*^ 

Vovage of first colonists to ^ 

' Maryland l"-^ 

Wallace, Lew, defeated on the 

Monocacv 1"* 

Walters, Henry {^^ 

Walters' Art Gallery 198 

War of 1812, causes |*J 

declared jg* 

attitude of Maryland in lo* 

military operations of j*^ 

naval o'perations oi ,o- ,n 

in Marvland l.to-W 

ended 'bv treaty of peace 

(1814)..' ••••• 1" 

Warfield, Charles Alexander.. 8„ 

Warfield, Edwin ^»* 

Warren, Ratcliffe • ■•■ "g 

Washington city, founded Igg 

made capital of the U. S \'^ 

captured by the British i^i 

terminal of first telegraph 

line ^-Ih 

Washington Monument |*2 

picture 

Washington, George, .sent to 

Fort Duquesne '* 

portrait T-' V'^ 

commander-m-chiet ol 

American army ^,^^ 

character • ^"^T* 

retreats through New Jersey 108 

captures Trenton • ■ i"'' 

receives extraordinary 

powers ^"■^ 

atBrandywine and German- 

town i,., 

at Monmouth • • ■^^•^ 

receives surrender of Corn- 

wallis at Vorktown ■ . • • ilo 

surrenders his commission 
to Congress ..........■■.■••• ^^^ 

writes letters of thanks to 

Mrs. Lee of Maryland 

pre.sident of Constitutional 

Convention J~g 

president of the V.S •••• ^-^ 

president of the Potomac Co. Idl 

.selects site for Washington 

citv •■■■ ^'^"^ 

Washi'ngton, William, at the 

battle of Cowpens. .......... ni 

Washington College, founded, Irf^ 

Watson, William H io6 

Webster, Colonel H* 

Wheat, grown in early Mary- 

land 19' "1 



322 



INDEX 



raised extensively and ex- 
ported '. 

White, Father Andrew, writes 
narrative of the voyage to 

Maryland 

missionary to Indians 

Whytf, NVilliani I'iiikney 

^Yillianl and Mary, kinjj and 

(jueen of Kngland 

make Maryland a royal 

province 

Williams, Otho Holland, covers 
Greene's retreat throngh 
the Carolinas 



11 

IS 
LSI 



118 



at l^utaw Springs Hit 

Winder, William H 137 

Women of Maryland, duties on 

plantations i)4 

dress in colonial times it8 

characteristics of in the 

colony 9S 

during "the Revolution l-.il 

Yeo .53 

Yorktown, surrender of Corn- 

wallis at 110 



